Research Design & Stats Flashcards
Hermann Ebbinghaus
higher mental processes can be studies using experimental psychology; studied memory using nonsense syllables
Oswald Kulpe
there can be imageless thought
James Cattell
introduced mental testing to the US
Binet
mental age; intelligence testing of French children to determine intellectually disabled children
Stern
mental age to chronological age (IQ)
Lewis Terman
revised Binet-Simon test for US –> Stanford-Binet Intelligence test
stratified random sampling
technique of recruiting participants where each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size
standard deviation
“average” scatter away from the mean (also square root of the variance)
variance
the square of the standard deviation
What percentages are at 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations in a normal distribution?
68% of scores fall within 1 SD, 96% fall within 2 SDs. and 4% fall beyond 2 SDs
z-score
indicates the number of standard deviations your score is away from the mean
If you have a distribution of z-scores, what is the mean and what is the standard deviation?
mean is 0 and SD is 1
T-score distribution’s mean and SD
mean is 50 and SD is 10
Type I error
Rejecting a true null hypothesis (saying that there is an effect when there isn’t one)
Type II error
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (saying that there isn’t an effect when there actually is one)
beta
probability of making a Type II error
ANOVA
compares between-group variance (numerator) to within-group variance (denominator) in the F ratio
norm-referenced interpretation
assessing a person’s performance by how they did compared to others
domain-referenced interpretation
also called criterion-referenced testing - what does the test take know about a specific content domain?
reliability
consistency with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures; degree to which measures are dependable, reproducible, and consistent
standard error of measurement
index of how much on average we expect a person’s observed score to vary from the score the person is capable of received based on actual ability (the smaller SEM the better)
methods of establishing reliability of test
(1) test-retest
(2) alternate-form method (two different forms of a test taken at two different times)
(3) split-half reliability (test divided into equal halves where scores for each are correlated with each other; want high positive correlation)
content validity
a test’s coverage of a particular area that it is supposed to measure
face validity
whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure
criterion validity
how well the test can predict an individual’s performance on an established test of a skill or knowledge area
predictive validity
test used to predict future performance
concurrent validity
“Does a written driving test indicate performance on the subsequent road test?”
cross validation
testing criterion validity of a test on a second sample after demonstrating validity with first sample
construct validity
how well performance on the test fits into the theoretical framework related to what it is you want the test to measure
convergent validity
if two constructs are related (e.g. intelligence and empathy) then people who score high on test of one construct should also score high on test of the other
discriminant validity
extent that performance on test is related to other variables that theory predicts the test performance should not be related to
mathematical operations for ratio scales and interval scales
multiplication and division for ratio only; addition and subtraction for ratio and interval
deviation IQ
indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to their same age peers
MMPI is used for what?
assessment of various clinical disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia
Hathaway and McKinley
MMPI; empirical criterion-keying approach
Morgan and Murray
Thematic Apperception Test
Blacky pictures
projective test for children with 12 pictures of a dog - child asked to tell stories about each picture
Barnum effect
tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them
calculation of z-score
(your score minus the mean)/(standard deviation)
