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PSYC GRE from Kaplan > Learning and Ethology > Flashcards

Learning and Ethology Flashcards

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1
Q

Thorndike

A

functionalist; law of effect (basis of operant conditioning); puzzle box

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2
Q

John Watson

A

classical conditioning; Little Albert

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3
Q

Clark Hull

A

theory of motivation/drive-reduction theory

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4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the goal of behaviour is to reduce biological drives (i.e., reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced)

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5
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

ethology; animal behaviour can only be understood in natural environment

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6
Q

reflex

A

unlearned response elicited by a specific stimulus, e.g. dog salivating when food placed in mouth

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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response, e.g. food

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8
Q

unconditioned response

A

response reflexively elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, e.g. salivation

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9
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that after conditioning elicits nonreflexive response, e.g. bell

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10
Q

conditioned response

A

response that, after conditioning, is elicited by conditioned stimulus e.g. salivation after bell is rung

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11
Q

what needs to happen for classical conditioning to work?

A

the conditioned stimulus has to be presented before the unconditioned stimulus (forward conditioning)

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12
Q

extinction

A

repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

period after extinction where the unconditioned stimulus still elicits a weak conditioned response

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14
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

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15
Q

second order conditioning

A

neutral stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus rather than an unconditioned stimulus so that neutral stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response

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16
Q

sensory preconditioning

A

two neutral stimuli are paired together and then one of the neutral stimuli is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. e.g. light and bell presented together. then light and food (UCS). after repeated pairings, bell will elicit salivation even though it was never paired with food.

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17
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

contingency explanation of classical conditioning

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18
Q

contingency explanation of classical conditioning

A

contingent = conditional/dependent upon. So this means that the conditioned stimulus (bell) must predict the unconditioned stimulus (food) consistently in order for classical conditioning to occur

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19
Q

blocking

A

experimental procedure to show that classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus also provides non-redundant information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (as well as being contingent)

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20
Q

three explanation for why classical conditioning works

A

(1) contiguity: CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time
(2) contingency: CS is a good signal for UCS
(3) blocking: CS is a good signal for UCS and provides nonredundant information about the occurrence of UCS

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

reward learning; learning the relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

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22
Q

ppl associated with operant conditioning

A

Thorndike and Skinner

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23
Q

law of effect

A

if a response is followed by annoying consequence, animal less likely to emit the same response in the future

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24
Q

Skinner developed these terms

A

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction

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25
Q

positive reinforcement

A

probability of desired response increases when organism is given something they want (essentially reward)

26
Q

negative reinforcement

A

probability of desire response increases when something is taken away or something undesirable is prevented (e.g. annoying buzzer stops when you put seatbelt on)

27
Q

escape

A

something undesirable is prevented (e.g. annoying buzzer stops when you put seatbelt on) - type of negative reinforcement

28
Q

avoidance

A

organism gets warning that aversive stimulus will soon occur, and the desired response avoids the aversive stimulus (e.g. stopping at a stop sign)

29
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behaviour will have consequences

30
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

takes longer for extinction to occur in organism who has been occasionally reinforced for a behaviour

31
Q

four types of partial reinforcement

A

also called scheduled of reinforcement: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable interval

32
Q

fixed-ratio

A

reinforcement received after a fixed number of responses

33
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforcement received after varying number of responses **Very Resistant to extinction, Very Rapid (most rapid response rate

34
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforcement occurs on 1st response after a fixed period of time has occurred since last reinforcement

35
Q

variable interval

A

reinforcement occurs after various time periods has elapsed

36
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

FR 1; reinforced for every response

37
Q

schedule most resistant to extinction

A

variable ratio

38
Q

shaping

A

differential reinforcement; produce eventual desired response by reinforcing smaller steps of it

39
Q

implosion

A

type of behaviour therapy where client is forced to imagine their feared object (the CS)

40
Q

systematic desensitization

A

use of hierarchy of anxiety-producing situations coupled with relaxation techniques (can’t experience anxiety and relaxation at same time - counter conditioning)

41
Q

conditioned aversion

A

extinguish unattractive behaviour by pairing it with an aversive unconditioned stimulus

42
Q

contingency management

A

using operant conditioning to modify behaviour

43
Q

behavioral contracts

A

written agreement that states what behavioural change is desired and indicated consequences of certain acts

44
Q

time-out procedures

A

remove person from situation where undesirable behaviour occurs so they’re not reinforced for it

45
Q

token economies

A

tokes given for desirable behaviours and taken away for undesirable ones. can redeem tokens for rewards

46
Q

Premack principle

A

using a more preferred activity to reinforced less preferred activity

47
Q

law of effect

A

responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

48
Q

learning according to Thorndike

A

trial and error

49
Q

learning according to Kohler

A

insight (perception of inner relationships between factors essential to solving a problem)

50
Q

Tolman

A

rat mazes and cognitive maps

51
Q

Garcia effect

A

preparedness; animals are wired to learn connections between certain stimuli (e.g. illness with something you ingested)

52
Q

instinctual drift

A

species-specific ways of behaving override behaviours learned through operant conditioning

53
Q

Keller and Marion Breland

A

instinctual drift

54
Q

fixed action patterns

A

stereotyped behaviour sequence that does not have to be learned by an animal e.g. courtship rituals

55
Q

sign stimuli

A

features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular fixed action pattern

56
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

model more effective at triggering a FAP than the actual sign stimulus found in nature

57
Q

releaser

A

sign stimulus that triggers social behaviours between animals

58
Q

innate releasing mechanism

A

mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs

59
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

honeybees communicate location of food sources by dancing

60
Q

reproductive fitness

A

number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce

61
Q

inclusive fitness

A

takes into account reproductive fitness and the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age

62
Q

E. O. Wilson

A

sociobiology (how social behaviours increase fitness)

PSYC GRE from Kaplan (8 decks)

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