Things to Memorize! Flashcards
Oxidoreductases
Use NADH, NADPH, FADH2
Dehydrogenase, Oxygenase, Oxidase, Hydroxylase, Peroxidase, Reductase, Cytochrome p450
Transferases
transfer groups from one chemical to another;
aminotransferase, kinase, synthase
Hydrolase
Break C-X bond via H20 and results in X-OH
Protease, urease, phosphatase, esterase, peptidase
Lyase
Breaks bond using mechanisms other than hydrolase and oxidoreductase;
decarboxylase and aldolase are examples;
synthases form C=C bonds by removing H20 from COH-CH
Isomerase
rearrangement; mutase, racemase, epimerase
ligase
break a bond using ATP molecule; synthetase
serine protease
in hydrolase class; requires a asp ser his residue; inhibited by serpin, common ones are trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, thombin, enteropeptidase;
cysteine protease
cystein residue required; papain, calpain and interleukin-1-b converting enzyme
aspartic proteases
require aspartic acid residue; pepsin, rennin and HIV protease which are all active at low pH due to aspartic acid having a negative R group
metalloprotease
active metal ion required (Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+); carboxypeptidase, thermolysin, collagenase, mmp
inhibited by EDTA
Thiamine
Vitamin B1 Thiamine pyrophosphate (reacts with aldehydes/ketones to catalyze decarboxylation- cleavage of C-C bond)
Riboflavin
B2
FMN, FADH2
Electrons for redox
Pyridoxine
B6
Pyridoxal Phosphate
reacts with Amines to catalyze amino acid metabolism and transamination reactions
Niacin
NAD, NADP;
shuttles electrons for redox; helps produce ATP
Pantothenic ACid
CoA;
Carries acyl groups (O=C-R) and coenzyme A
Biotin
Covalently attached to carboxylases;
imidazole derivative, attaches to lysine residue of the protein;
Folic Acid
Tetrahydrafolic acid; amino acid metabolism; 1 carbon transfer
B12
Deoxyadenosyl Cobalamin, methylcobalamin;
coenzyme for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase (amino acid synth)
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid; Co-substrate- hydroxylation of proline; reduction reactions
ATP
carries phosphoryl groups; very high energy bond; protein phosphorylation
S-adenosylmethionine
carries methyl to oxygen or nitrogen
fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
beta carotene
vitamin A (retinol) and retinal and RA; retinal vision, retinol reproductive function, RA growth and cellular differentiation
vitamin D
cholecifierol, ergocalciferol; vitamin D3, calcium homeostasis
vitamin E
tocopherols;
anti oxidatant prevents peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
vitamin K
phylloquinone; vitamin K dependent protein carboxylase mediating carboxylation of glutamate residues in Ca2+ binding prtoeins); synthesis of blood clotting factors
hemocysteinemia
pyridoxine, folate, B12
osteoporosis
calcium and vitamin D
megaloblatic anemia
deficiency of cobalamin and/or folate
rickets
vitamin D deficiency
atherosclerosis
trans unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidants
sodium
principle cation for extracellular fluids; osmolality, nerve and muscle activity
potassium
principle cation in intracellular fluid; nerve and muscle activity
chloride
counter-ion; maintenance of membrane potentials; gastric secretions
iron
oxygen transport; cofactor in iron/sulfur clusters
calcium
crystallin hydroxyapatite in bone; signaling- blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, intracellular mediation of hormonal response;
cofactor and or regulator in enzymes
magnesium
bone and teeth; neuromuscular transmission
zinc
cofactor; zinc finger protein domains involved in protein-protein, protein-nucleic aicd and protein-lipid interactions
copper
cofactor for oxygenases and other proteins including cyto oxidase of ETC
selenium
can be incorporated as selenocysteine residues in proteins
