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Foundations of Medicine > Things to Memorize! > Flashcards

Things to Memorize! Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Use NADH, NADPH, FADH2

Dehydrogenase, Oxygenase, Oxidase, Hydroxylase, Peroxidase, Reductase, Cytochrome p450

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2
Q

Transferases

A

transfer groups from one chemical to another;

aminotransferase, kinase, synthase

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3
Q

Hydrolase

A

Break C-X bond via H20 and results in X-OH

Protease, urease, phosphatase, esterase, peptidase

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4
Q

Lyase

A

Breaks bond using mechanisms other than hydrolase and oxidoreductase;
decarboxylase and aldolase are examples;

synthases form C=C bonds by removing H20 from COH-CH

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5
Q

Isomerase

A

rearrangement; mutase, racemase, epimerase

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6
Q

ligase

A

break a bond using ATP molecule; synthetase

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7
Q

serine protease

A

in hydrolase class; requires a asp ser his residue; inhibited by serpin, common ones are trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, thombin, enteropeptidase;

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8
Q

cysteine protease

A

cystein residue required; papain, calpain and interleukin-1-b converting enzyme

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9
Q

aspartic proteases

A

require aspartic acid residue; pepsin, rennin and HIV protease which are all active at low pH due to aspartic acid having a negative R group

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10
Q

metalloprotease

A

active metal ion required (Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+); carboxypeptidase, thermolysin, collagenase, mmp
inhibited by EDTA

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11
Q

Thiamine

A 
Vitamin B1
Thiamine pyrophosphate (reacts with aldehydes/ketones to catalyze decarboxylation- cleavage of C-C bond)
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12
Q

Riboflavin

A

B2
FMN, FADH2
Electrons for redox

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13
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B6
Pyridoxal Phosphate
reacts with Amines to catalyze amino acid metabolism and transamination reactions

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14
Q

Niacin

A

NAD, NADP;

shuttles electrons for redox; helps produce ATP

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15
Q

Pantothenic ACid

A

CoA;

Carries acyl groups (O=C-R) and coenzyme A

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16
Q

Biotin

A

Covalently attached to carboxylases;

imidazole derivative, attaches to lysine residue of the protein;

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17
Q

Folic Acid

A

Tetrahydrafolic acid; amino acid metabolism; 1 carbon transfer

18
Q

B12

A

Deoxyadenosyl Cobalamin, methylcobalamin;

coenzyme for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase (amino acid synth)

19
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic Acid; Co-substrate- hydroxylation of proline; reduction reactions

20
Q

ATP

A

carries phosphoryl groups; very high energy bond; protein phosphorylation

21
Q

S-adenosylmethionine

A

carries methyl to oxygen or nitrogen

22
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

23
Q

beta carotene

A 
vitamin A (retinol) and retinal and RA;
retinal vision, retinol reproductive function, RA growth and cellular differentiation
24
Q

vitamin D

A

cholecifierol, ergocalciferol; vitamin D3, calcium homeostasis

25
Q

vitamin E

A

tocopherols;

anti oxidatant prevents peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

26
Q

vitamin K

A

phylloquinone; vitamin K dependent protein carboxylase mediating carboxylation of glutamate residues in Ca2+ binding prtoeins); synthesis of blood clotting factors

27
Q

hemocysteinemia

A

pyridoxine, folate, B12

28
Q

osteoporosis

A

calcium and vitamin D

29
Q

megaloblatic anemia

A

deficiency of cobalamin and/or folate

30
Q

rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency

31
Q

atherosclerosis

A

trans unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidants

32
Q

sodium

A

principle cation for extracellular fluids; osmolality, nerve and muscle activity

33
Q

potassium

A

principle cation in intracellular fluid; nerve and muscle activity

34
Q

chloride

A

counter-ion; maintenance of membrane potentials; gastric secretions

35
Q

iron

A

oxygen transport; cofactor in iron/sulfur clusters

36
Q

calcium

A

crystallin hydroxyapatite in bone; signaling- blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, intracellular mediation of hormonal response;
cofactor and or regulator in enzymes

37
Q

magnesium

A

bone and teeth; neuromuscular transmission

38
Q

zinc

A

cofactor; zinc finger protein domains involved in protein-protein, protein-nucleic aicd and protein-lipid interactions

39
Q

copper

A

cofactor for oxygenases and other proteins including cyto oxidase of ETC

40
Q

selenium

A

can be incorporated as selenocysteine residues in proteins

Foundations of Medicine (19 decks)

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