Things to Memorize!

Question 1

Oxidoreductases

Answer 1

Use NADH, NADPH, FADH2

Dehydrogenase, Oxygenase, Oxidase, Hydroxylase, Peroxidase, Reductase, Cytochrome p450

Question 2

Transferases

Answer 2

transfer groups from one chemical to another;

aminotransferase, kinase, synthase

Question 3

Hydrolase

Answer 3

Break C-X bond via H20 and results in X-OH

Protease, urease, phosphatase, esterase, peptidase

Question 4

Lyase

Answer 4

Breaks bond using mechanisms other than hydrolase and oxidoreductase;
decarboxylase and aldolase are examples;

synthases form C=C bonds by removing H20 from COH-CH

Question 5

Isomerase

Answer 5

rearrangement; mutase, racemase, epimerase

Question 6

ligase

Answer 6

break a bond using ATP molecule; synthetase

Question 7

serine protease

Answer 7

in hydrolase class; requires a asp ser his residue; inhibited by serpin, common ones are trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, thombin, enteropeptidase;

Question 8

cysteine protease

Answer 8

cystein residue required; papain, calpain and interleukin-1-b converting enzyme

Question 9

aspartic proteases

Answer 9

require aspartic acid residue; pepsin, rennin and HIV protease which are all active at low pH due to aspartic acid having a negative R group

Question 10

metalloprotease

Answer 10

active metal ion required (Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+); carboxypeptidase, thermolysin, collagenase, mmp
inhibited by EDTA

Question 11

Thiamine

Answer 11

Vitamin B1
Thiamine pyrophosphate (reacts with aldehydes/ketones to catalyze decarboxylation- cleavage of C-C bond)

Question 12

Riboflavin

Answer 12

B2
FMN, FADH2
Electrons for redox

Question 13

Pyridoxine

Answer 13

B6
Pyridoxal Phosphate
reacts with Amines to catalyze amino acid metabolism and transamination reactions

Question 14

Niacin

Answer 14

NAD, NADP;

shuttles electrons for redox; helps produce ATP

Question 15

Pantothenic ACid

Answer 15

CoA;

Carries acyl groups (O=C-R) and coenzyme A

Question 16

Biotin

Answer 16

Covalently attached to carboxylases;

imidazole derivative, attaches to lysine residue of the protein;

Question 17

Folic Acid

Answer 17

Tetrahydrafolic acid; amino acid metabolism; 1 carbon transfer

Question 18

B12

Answer 18

Deoxyadenosyl Cobalamin, methylcobalamin;

coenzyme for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase (amino acid synth)

Question 19

Vitamin C

Answer 19

Ascorbic Acid; Co-substrate- hydroxylation of proline; reduction reactions

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

carries phosphoryl groups; very high energy bond; protein phosphorylation

Question 21

S-adenosylmethionine

Answer 21

carries methyl to oxygen or nitrogen

Question 22

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 22

ADEK

Question 23

beta carotene

Answer 23

vitamin A (retinol) and retinal and RA;
retinal vision, retinol reproductive function, RA growth and cellular differentiation

Question 24

vitamin D

Answer 24

cholecifierol, ergocalciferol; vitamin D3, calcium homeostasis

Question 25

vitamin E

Answer 25

tocopherols; | anti oxidatant prevents peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 26

vitamin K

Answer 26

phylloquinone; vitamin K dependent protein carboxylase mediating carboxylation of glutamate residues in Ca2+ binding prtoeins); synthesis of blood clotting factors

Question 27

hemocysteinemia

Answer 27

pyridoxine, folate, B12

Question 28

osteoporosis

Answer 28

calcium and vitamin D

Question 29

megaloblatic anemia

Answer 29

deficiency of cobalamin and/or folate

Question 30

rickets

Answer 30

vitamin D deficiency

Question 31

atherosclerosis

Answer 31

trans unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidants

Question 32

sodium

Answer 32

principle cation for extracellular fluids; osmolality, nerve and muscle activity

Question 33

potassium

Answer 33

principle cation in intracellular fluid; nerve and muscle activity

Question 34

chloride

Answer 34

counter-ion; maintenance of membrane potentials; gastric secretions

Question 35

iron

Answer 35

oxygen transport; cofactor in iron/sulfur clusters

Question 36

calcium

Answer 36

crystallin hydroxyapatite in bone; signaling- blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, intracellular mediation of hormonal response; cofactor and or regulator in enzymes

Question 37

magnesium

Answer 37

bone and teeth; neuromuscular transmission

Question 38

zinc

Answer 38

cofactor; zinc finger protein domains involved in protein-protein, protein-nucleic aicd and protein-lipid interactions

Question 39

copper

Answer 39

cofactor for oxygenases and other proteins including cyto oxidase of ETC

Question 40

selenium

Answer 40

can be incorporated as selenocysteine residues in proteins