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Foundations of Medicine > ECM and Connective Tissue > Flashcards

ECM and Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue

A

tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibers, and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues.

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2
Q

types of connective tissue

A

proper or specialized

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3
Q

proper CT

A

loose or dense

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4
Q

specialized CT

A

bone, blood, cartilage

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5
Q

loose CT

A

areolar, adipose, or reticular

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6
Q

dense CT

A

regular, elastic, or irregular

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7
Q

bone CT

A

spongy or compact

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8
Q

cartilage CT

A

elastic, hyaline, or fibrocartilage

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9
Q

Resident CT

A

Live in that particular area;

fibroblasts (chondroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts) or adipocytes

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10
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

fibers; skin, bone, ubiquitous

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11
Q

Type II collagen

A

network of fibrils; hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

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12
Q

Type III collagen

A

fibers; reticular fibers
not present in h&e staining- have to do silver stain in order to visualize
during remodeling they are the first type of collagen to be laid down

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13
Q

type 4 collagen

A

network (no fibers); basement membranes

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14
Q

assembly of type 1 collagen

A

1) 3 precursor alpha chains assemble and become procollagen (triple helix with loose ends)
2) procollagen peptidase cleaves and it becomes collagen molecule (insoluble and occurs in extracellular domain)
3) assembly–> collagen fibril
4) assembly–> collagen fiber

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15
Q

LOX

A

lysyl oxidase
oxidizes primary amines on collagen and elastin substrates to reactive semialdehydes that condense to form covalent cross-linkages to make collagen fibrils

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16
Q

tendon

A

attaches to muscle at one end and bone or skin at the other end; transfers mechanical energy from muscle;
consists of dense regular connective tissue composed of primarily type 1 collagen

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17
Q

skin

A

dense, irregular connective tissue; type 1 collagen

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18
Q

epithelial lining CT

A

loose connective tissue supports epithelial linings of GI, GU, and respiratory tracts and is found as packing tissue in many organs
space between type 1 collagen filled with ground substance

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19
Q

ground substance

A

gel like amorphous material; composed of large proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and WATER; growth factors are pround and presented to cells

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20
Q

reticular fibers

A

supporting framework for highly cellular organs such as spleen and liver and lymph nodes,
type 3 collagen;
only seen under silver staining;
commonly in places where cells are loosely held together and cells are coming in and moving out

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21
Q

composition of elastic fibers

A

tropoelastin, fibrillin I and II, microfibril associated glycoprotein (MAGP)
also assembled in extracellular environment;
flexible fibers due to cross-linking
can be present as fibers or sheets

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22
Q

synthesis of elastic fibers

A

1) rough ER–> synthesis of proelastin (desmosine and isodesmosine), MAGP, and fibrillin 1 and 2
2) golgi apparatus–> packaging and secretion of protein
3) extracellular space–> coassembly of MAGP and tropoelastin to produce immature elastic fibers; fibrillin 1- force bearing structural support; fibrillin 2- regulates assembly of elastic fiber

LOX does linking here as well

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23
Q

Defect in elastic fibers

A

Marfan’s syndrome (abraham lincoln)- aorta

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24
Q

Basement membrane

A

bulletin board; mechanical support and relays cellular signals to epithelia, muscle cells, or endothelium
Stained well by PAS

25
Q

PAS

A

Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and mucosubstances such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins in tissues;
stains sugar moieties

26
Q

3 zones of basement membrane

A

lamina lucida (rara), lamina densa, lamina reticularis

27
Q

RGD domain

A

Proteins that contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) attachment site, together with the integrins that serve as receptors for them, constitute a major recognition system for cell adhesion. The RGD sequence is the cell attachment site of a large number of adhesive extracellular matrix, blood, and cell surface proteins, and nearly half of the over 20 known integrins recognize this sequence in their adhesion protein ligands.

28
Q

Laminin

A

lamina rara composed primarily of laminin network;

laminin composed of three peptides: alpha, beta, gamma

29
Q

alpha- laminin

A

heparan sulfate binding site

30
Q

beta- laminin

A

HS binding site and proteoglycan binding site on top, integrin binding sites on bottom (RGD)

31
Q

gamma- laminin

A

HS and proteoglycan binding site and entactin attachment site with RGD domain

32
Q

2 networks that make basal lamina

A

type 4 collagen sheets and laminin

33
Q

entactin

A

binds collagen and laminin together; also known as nidogen

34
Q

fibronectin

A

present on basement membrane; bind to collagen and integrins on cell surface

35
Q

proteoglycan

A

will bind to laminin network and act as signaling molecules; can bind and present other growth factors

36
Q

growth factors

A

sequestered by proteoglycan GAG chains;

once sequestered, growth factor is held in place and keeps binding so that the receptor is constantly activated;

37
Q

glomerular basement membrane

A

specialized BM that is part of filtration barrier; basal lamina- produced by endothelial cells and epithelial cells;
GBM consists of subendothelial and subepithelial lamina rara and in between the two is the lamina densa; there is no lamina reticularis

38
Q

diabetic GBM

A

thickening of BM

39
Q

transient CT

A

visitors;

macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils

40
Q

diapedesis

A

The movement or passage of blood cells, especially white blood cells, through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue.

41
Q

how do lymphocytes move into connective tissue?

A

rolling adhesion, tight binding (through integrin to ICAM-1) , diapedisis, and migration

42
Q

macrophage

A

phagocytose;

stained blue by trypan blue dye

43
Q

differentiation of lymphocytes

A

differentiate into plasma cells which result in conversion of quiescent cells into cells active synthesizing protein (immunoglobulin)

44
Q

plasma cell

A

“cartwheel” configuration created by distribution of heterochromatin

45
Q

mast cell

A

release histamines and heparin in response to allergen;

1) Ag bridges two adjacent IgE receptors
2) bridging induces signaling cascade resulting in mobilization of cytosolic calcium
3) cascade triggers release of granules and cytokines

46
Q

granules (mast cell)

A

in mast cells containing histamines, proteases, proteoglycans, and cytokines

47
Q

eosinophil

A

first line of defense in parasitic infection;

red staining granules (eosin) and bilobed nucleus

48
Q

granules (eosinophil)

A

eosinophil peroxidase; major basic protein; eosinophil cationic protein

49
Q

eosinophil peroxidase

A

binds to microorganisms facilitating their killing by macrophages

50
Q

major basic protein

A

MBP; major component of crystallin center of eosiniphil; binds and disrupts membrane of parasites

51
Q

eosiniphil cationic protein

A

together with MBP causes fragmentation of parasites

52
Q

4 S’s of connective tissue

A

support-mechanical (type 1)
storage- of energy (adipose)
signaling- GF, apical identity, matrix bulletin board
sifting- filtering in glomerulus

53
Q

what do fibroblasts synthesize?

A

proteoglycans, collagen, elastin;

tendon and skin

54
Q

chondroblasts

A

fibroblast in cartilage; synthesizes type 2 collagen

55
Q

osteoblasts

A

fibroblast in bone; synthesizes bone (type 1 collagen)

56
Q

odontoblasts

A

fibroblast in teeth; synthesizes dentin (type 1 collagen)

57
Q

type II collagen present in

A

hyalin and elastic cartilage

58
Q

type 3 collagen present in

A

bone marrow and lymphoid organs; synthesized by fibroblasts called reticular cells;
movement in and out

59
Q

type 4 collagen synthesized

A

by epithelial cells;

forms basal lamina with laminin

Foundations of Medicine (19 decks)

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