Macro and Micronutrients Flashcards
Arginine
essential amino acid even though enzymes for its synthesis are present in the urea cycle- because all of carbons are used to make urea
tyrosine
not an essential amino acid but if you have PKU, your body is not producing phenylalanine hydroxylase which breaks down phe to tyr (which makes tyr an essential amino acid in this case)
phosphocreatine
phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable form of energy in skeletal muscle
vitamin B6
pyridoxal phosphate; coenzyme in AA metabolism
niacin
NADP and NAD; (becomes deficient in excess alcohol metabolism)
acetaldehyde
in alcohol metabolism, lack of NAD+ can lead to acetaldehyde build up and also acetic acid build up leading to acidosis because of pH drop
thiamin
thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)- cleavage of carbon-carbon bond; water soluble b1 vitamin;
korsakoff’s syndrome
thiamine deficiency (vitamin b1); amnesia, apathy, little content and lack of insight, confabulation
riboflavin B2
FAD- ox and reduction reactions
folate
tetrahydrofolate (THF)
one carbon transfer
B12
methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin; coenzyme for methionine synthase and methylmalonylCoA mutase (protein synthesis)
biotin
coenzyme for carbolyase enzyme; attaches to lysine residue
pantothenic acid
coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein
ascorbic acid
vitamin c- reduction reactions
b-carotene
retinol (vitamin A) and retinoic acid; retinol-reproductive function; RA growth and cellular differentiation
vitamin D cholecalifierol ergocalciferol
calcium homeostasis
vitamin E
anti oxidant prevents peroxidation of polyunsaturated fattya cids
vitamin K
phylloquinone; cofactor for vitamin K dependent protein carboxylase; synthesis of blood clotting factors
atherosclerosis
trans-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidants
homocysteinemia
pyridoxine, folate, B12
osteoporosis
calcium, vitamin D
megaloblatic anemia
deficiency of cobalamin and/or folate
rickets
vitamin D deficiency
overdose of vitamin A
liver damage, hair loss, blurred vision and headaches (retinol-retina)
Vitamin B6 overdose
numbness in mouth and hands and difficulty in walking (aa metabolism)
vitamin C overdose
stomachaches and diarrhea; reduction reactions-proton-acid?
vitamin D overdose
build up of calcium deposits that can interfere with functioning of muscles, including heart tissue
niacin overdose
NAD- jaundice and liver damage; prescribed to lower cholesterol because of increased fatty acid oxidation?
iron overdose
interfere with absorption of zinc
sodium
cation in extracellular fluids; osmolality balance; nerve and muscle activity
potassium
cation in intracellular fluids; nerve and muscle activity
chloride
counter ion to compensate for fluxes of organic anions; membrane potentials maintenance; gastric secretions
iron
oxygen transport; cofactor in iron/sulfur clusters
calcium
bone;
signaling for blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, hormonal response mediation intracellularly
Mg
in bone and teeth; neuromuscular transmission
zinc
cofactor and regulator; zinc finger protein domains involve protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-lipid interactions
copper
cofactor for oxygenases and other proteins including cytochrome oxidase of the electron transport chain
selenium
incorporated into selenocysein residues in proteins
how do proteins select a specific metal cation (Mg2+ vs Zn2+)
proteins that bind Zn2+ are very selective because binding sites are more rigid and/or contain neutral amino acid side chains;
proteins that bind to Mg2+ are not very selective but bind Mg2+ because of abundance of cation- will have Asp/Glu side chains but Zn2+ can also bind to these sites
