Macro and Micronutrients

Question 1

Arginine

Answer 1

essential amino acid even though enzymes for its synthesis are present in the urea cycle- because all of carbons are used to make urea

Question 2

tyrosine

Answer 2

not an essential amino acid but if you have PKU, your body is not producing phenylalanine hydroxylase which breaks down phe to tyr (which makes tyr an essential amino acid in this case)

Question 3

phosphocreatine

Answer 3

phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable form of energy in skeletal muscle

Question 4

vitamin B6

Answer 4

pyridoxal phosphate; coenzyme in AA metabolism

Question 5

niacin

Answer 5

NADP and NAD; (becomes deficient in excess alcohol metabolism)

Question 6

acetaldehyde

Answer 6

in alcohol metabolism, lack of NAD+ can lead to acetaldehyde build up and also acetic acid build up leading to acidosis because of pH drop

Question 7

thiamin

Answer 7

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)- cleavage of carbon-carbon bond; water soluble b1 vitamin;

Question 8

korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 8

thiamine deficiency (vitamin b1); amnesia, apathy, little content and lack of insight, confabulation

Question 9

riboflavin B2

Answer 9

FAD- ox and reduction reactions

Question 10

folate

Answer 10

tetrahydrofolate (THF)

one carbon transfer

Question 11

B12

Answer 11

methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin; coenzyme for methionine synthase and methylmalonylCoA mutase (protein synthesis)

Question 12

biotin

Answer 12

coenzyme for carbolyase enzyme; attaches to lysine residue

Question 13

pantothenic acid

Answer 13

coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein

Question 14

ascorbic acid

Answer 14

vitamin c- reduction reactions

Question 15

b-carotene

Answer 15

retinol (vitamin A) and retinoic acid; retinol-reproductive function; RA growth and cellular differentiation

Question 16

vitamin D cholecalifierol ergocalciferol

Answer 16

calcium homeostasis

Question 17

vitamin E

Answer 17

anti oxidant prevents peroxidation of polyunsaturated fattya cids

Question 18

vitamin K

Answer 18

phylloquinone; cofactor for vitamin K dependent protein carboxylase; synthesis of blood clotting factors

Question 19

atherosclerosis

Answer 19

trans-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidants

Question 20

homocysteinemia

Answer 20

pyridoxine, folate, B12

Question 21

osteoporosis

Answer 21

calcium, vitamin D

Question 22

megaloblatic anemia

Answer 22

deficiency of cobalamin and/or folate

Question 23

rickets

Answer 23

vitamin D deficiency

Question 24

overdose of vitamin A

Answer 24

liver damage, hair loss, blurred vision and headaches (retinol-retina)

Question 25

Vitamin B6 overdose

Answer 25

numbness in mouth and hands and difficulty in walking (aa metabolism)

Question 26

vitamin C overdose

Answer 26

stomachaches and diarrhea; reduction reactions-proton-acid?

Question 27

vitamin D overdose

Answer 27

build up of calcium deposits that can interfere with functioning of muscles, including heart tissue

Question 28

niacin overdose

Answer 28

NAD- jaundice and liver damage; prescribed to lower cholesterol because of increased fatty acid oxidation?

Question 29

iron overdose

Answer 29

interfere with absorption of zinc

Question 30

sodium

Answer 30

cation in extracellular fluids; osmolality balance; nerve and muscle activity

Question 31

potassium

Answer 31

cation in intracellular fluids; nerve and muscle activity

Question 32

chloride

Answer 32

counter ion to compensate for fluxes of organic anions; membrane potentials maintenance; gastric secretions

Question 33

iron

Answer 33

oxygen transport; cofactor in iron/sulfur clusters

Question 34

calcium

Answer 34

bone;

signaling for blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, hormonal response mediation intracellularly

Question 35

Mg

Answer 35

in bone and teeth; neuromuscular transmission

Question 36

zinc

Answer 36

cofactor and regulator; zinc finger protein domains involve protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-lipid interactions

Question 37

copper

Answer 37

cofactor for oxygenases and other proteins including cytochrome oxidase of the electron transport chain

Question 38

selenium

Answer 38

incorporated into selenocysein residues in proteins

Question 39

how do proteins select a specific metal cation (Mg2+ vs Zn2+)

Answer 39

proteins that bind Zn2+ are very selective because binding sites are more rigid and/or contain neutral amino acid side chains;
proteins that bind to Mg2+ are not very selective but bind Mg2+ because of abundance of cation- will have Asp/Glu side chains but Zn2+ can also bind to these sites