Enzyme and Cofactor Classes Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Aox + Bred Ared + Box
oxidase, hydroxylase: transfer O2 atoms to water or to substrate and water;
O2–> H20
dehydrogenase, peroxidase, reductase;
oxygenase (transfer both O2 atoms to substrate;

cytochrome p450

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2
Q

Common coenzymes of oxidoreductases

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2

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3
Q

Transferase

A

AB+CA+BC

name: which chemical group is transferred or what chemical is synthesized

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4
Q

aminotransferase

A

transferase; transfers amine group (transaminase)

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5
Q

kinase

A

transfers a phosphate group

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6
Q

Synthase

A

indicates what kind of product is formed (glycogen synthase)

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7
Q

Hydrolase

A

Breaks a CX bond using water
X=O, N, S
protease, esterase, phosphatase, peptidase, urease

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8
Q

Lyase

A

Cleave C-C, C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds by means other than oxidation or hydrolysis;
decarboxylase, aldolase;
reverse reactions to form bonds: synthases; form C=C bonds by removing H2O from COH-CH

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9
Q

isomerase

A

no atoms lost or added, only rearranged;

epimerase, racemase, mutase

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10
Q

Ligase

A

Form C-C, C-S, C-O, C-N bonds and require ATP or another nucleotide;
synthetase (has T because it needs ATP)

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11
Q

6 classes of enzymes

A

oxidoreductases, hydrolase, lyase, ligase, isomerase, transferase

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12
Q

cofactors

A

vitamins, metal ions;

deficiency causes a range of diseases and without co-factor, respective chemical reaction cannot occur

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13
Q

ATP, ADP/Pi, AMP/PPi

A

carry phosphoryl groups

Very high energy bond stores chemical energy and leads to protein phosphorylation

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14
Q

NADH/NAD+

A

Shuttles electrons for redox of biological fuels, helps produce ATP

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15
Q

NADPH/NADP+

A

Shuttle electrons for oxidation in biosynthesis reactions

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16
Q

FADH2/FAD

FMNH2/FMN

A

Shuttle electrons for redox of biological fuels
more powerful than NAD’s: very strong oxidizing agents
Always bound to protein (prosthetic groups)

17
Q

coenzyme A

A

carries acyl group O=C-R (R=CH3 and longer)

18
Q

Biotin

A

Carries CO2 for carboxylation

19
Q

Tetrahydrofolate

A

amino acid metabolism;

carries 1 carbon unit to carbon or sulfur

20
Q

S-adenosylmethionine

A

carries methyl group to oxygen or nitrogen

21
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate

A

cofactor/coenzyme that reacts with amines (NH2, NH) to catalyze amino acid metabolism, transamination reactions

22
Q

Thiamine pyrophosphate

A

co-factor/co-enzyme that reacts with aldehydes/ketones to catalyze decarboxylation at the R group

23
Q

Protease

A

part of hydrolase group

Cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, metalloproteases, serine proteases

24
Q

cysteine protease

A

active site requires cysteine residue;

papain, calpain, interleukin-1-b converting enzyme

25
aspartic protease
active site requires aspartate residue ex. pepsin, rennin, HIV protease active at low pH
26
rennin
aspartic protease; | inhibited by pepstatin and mimics protein substrate
27
HIV protease
(drug target because leads to mutation--cocktail)
28
metalloproteases
active site metal ion required usually Zn2+, sometimes Co2+ ex. carboxypeptidase- release C terminal aa; thermolysin, collagenase, matrix metalloproteases; inhibited by EDTA
29
Serine proteases
Conserved Asp, Ser, His catalytic triad required; trypsin, chymotrypsin, enteropeptidase, elastase, thrombin; inhibited by DFP and serpins has specificity from other AA around active site
30
how do enzymes enhance rate of reaction
energy, concentration, orientation
31
energy
"strain" the reactant to look more like the transition state or product; bind more tightly to transition state than to reactants or products (lower energy); changes can be subtle
32
concentration
trap two reactants close to eachother
33
orientation
orient two reactants so that proper regions are juxtaposed; stereospecificity