Things I forget easily Flashcards
syringomyelia interrupts what tract? what effect does this have?
spinothalamic track - bilateral loss of pain and temperature in upper extremities although fine touch is preserved - “cape like distribution” (C8-T1)
sensation on anterior 2/3 of tongue is done by which CN?
5 (trigeminal) - V3
taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue is done by which CN
7 (facial)
taste/sensation on posterior 1/3 of tongue
9 (glossopharyngeal)
if you lose sterognosis and graphesthesia, you have impaired which tract?
dorsal columns/medial lemniscus
Where is the inflammatory infiltrate in Guillian Barre?
endoneurium (surrounds a single nerve fiber)
neurotransmitter change in: anxiety
increased NE, decreased serotonin, decreased GABA
neurotransmitter change in: depression
decreased NE, decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine
neurotransmitter change in: parkinsons
decreased dopamine, increased Ach
neurotransmitter change in: huntingtons
decreased GABA, decreased Ach
location of synthesis: NE
locus ceruleus (pons)
location of synthesis: dopamine
ventral tegmentum and SNc
location of synthesis: serotonin
raphe nucleus (pons)
location of synthesis: Ach
basal nucleus of Meynert
location of synthesis: Gaba
nucleus accumbens
three things that seal BBB
1) tight junctions in nonfenestrated capillaries
2) basement membrane
3) astrocyte foot processes
types of molecules that can cross BBB easily
nonpolar/lipid soluble
specialized brain region where molecules in blood can affect brain function
area postrema (vomiting center) - regions with fenestrated capillaries
steps from ischemia to liquefactive necrosis
12-48 hours: red neurons 24-72 hours: necrosis + neutrophils 3-5 days: macrophages 1-2 weeks: gliosis + vascular proliferation >2 weeks: glial scar
during what week do neural tube defects occur
4th
spina bifida occulta has what lab abnormality
none - AFP is not elevated
neural tube defects have what lab abnormalities
AFP and AchE are both elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum
anencephaly is the absence of what
forebrain (prosencephalon)
anencephaly is associated with what maternal condition
type 1 diabetes
holoprosencephaly occurs during what weeks
5-6
what genes may be implicated in holoprosencephaly?
sonic hedgehog
holoprosencephaly is associated with what disorders
fetal alcohol syndrome and patau
chairi II presents with what other malformation
lumbosacral meningomyelocele (paralysis below the malformation)
syringomyelia is most common at what nerve levels
C8-T1
what nerve innervates hypoglossus muscle and what does it do
cn XII - depresses and retracts tongue
what nerve innervates styloglossus muscle and what does it do
cn XII - creates trough (sides upwards = taco)
what innervates genioglossus and what does it do
cn XII - protrudes tongue
what innervates palatoglossus and what does it do
cn X - elevates tongue to allow for swallowing
what part of the neuron can be stained with Nissle stain
dendrite and cell body (not axon)
what is the astrocyte marker histologically
GFAP
what do oligodendroglia resemble on histology
fried egg appearance
whats the predominant typeof glial cell in white matter
oligodendroglia
what must you rejoin in microsurgery for limb reattachment? what part of nerves?
perineurium
what part of nerve is the permeability barrier?
perineureus
how does NE affect rem
decreases REM
REM is due to the activity of what
PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation)
alcohol affects REM how
decreases REM
barbiturates affects rEM how
decreases rEM
Rx bedwetting
oral desmopressin (ADH analog)
hungtintons gene is on what chromosome
4
atrophy of what in huntington
caudate nucleus
trinucleotide repeat in huntington
CAG
neurotransmitter changes in huntingtons
decreased Ach and GABA
increased Dopamine
broca location
inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe
does broca have impaired or intact comprehension?
intact
does wernicke have impaired or intact comprehension?
impaired
damage to arcuate fasiculus causes impaired what?
repetition
global aphasia affects what part of your brain?
wernicke broca and arcuate fasiculus
what is global aphasia like
nonfluent and poor comprehension (mix of wernicke and broca)
poor comprehension with fluent speech and intact repetition
transcortical sensory
nonfluent aphasia with good comprehension and intact repitition
transcortical motor
nonfluent speech, poor comprehension, and intact reptition
mixed transcortical
kluver bucy is associated with what?
HSV-1
where does CN1 exit
cribriform plate
what nerves exit through the middle cranial fossa?
2-6
Where does CN 2 exit
optic canal
where does CN 3 exit
SOF
where does CN IV exit
SOF
where does CN V1 exit
SOF
Where does CN V2 exit
foramen rotundum
where does CN V3 exit
foramen ovale
where does CN VI exit
SOF
What exits through the foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
What bone do CN 2-6 exit through
sphenoid
What exits through the optic canal
CN II, Central retinal vein, opthalmic artery
What exits through SOF
CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers
What exits through foramen rotundum
V2
what exits through faramen ovale
V3
where does middle meningeal artery exit
foramen spinosum
what bones do cn 7-12 exit through
occipital and temporal
where does CN VII exit
internal auditory meatus
where does CN VIII exit
internal auditory meatus
where does CN IX exit
jugular foramen
where does CN X exit
jugular foramen
where does CN XI exit
jugular foramen
where does CN XII exit
hypoglossal canal
what exits through the internal auditory meatus
CN VII and CN VIII
what exits through jugular foramen
CN IX X XI, jugular vein
what exits through hypoglossal canal
CN XII
what exits through foramen magnum
brainstem, spinal roots of CN XI, vertebral arteries
CPP equation
CPP = MAP - ICP
central post stroke pain syndrome is due to lesions in what part of brain
thalamic lesions
