Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LCRS 2 > Things found in past papers > Flashcards

Things found in past papers Flashcards

1
Q

Innvervation of 3 salivary glands

A
  • Facial nerve innervates Submandibular gland & Sublingual gland
  • Facial nerve exits the skull via the Internal acoustic meatus and via the Stylomastoid foramen and passes under the parotid gland (but does not innervate it), then innervates sublingual & submandibular glands
  • (Glossophargyneal nerve exits the skull via the Jugular foramen and innervates the Parotid gland)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of sternothyroid

A

Depresses thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Test for trochlear nerve

A

To distinguish its muscle action from inferior rectus, we must first adduct the eye and then move it superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 spinal curve abnormalities

A
  • Lordosis – excess lumbar curvature
  • Kyphosis – excess thoracic curvature
  • Scoliosis – lateral deviation of the vertebral column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List two advantages and two disadvantages of MRI over CT for visualising brain structures

A 
Advantages of MRI
o	No X rays
o	Excellent soft tissue detail
o	Multiplanar acquisition
Disadvantages
o	Slow
o	Expensive
o	Noisy
o	Poor bone detail
o	Contraindications – metal implants, pacemaker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oculomotor palsy

A
  • Ptosis – droopy eyelid due to loss of Levator palpebrae superioris
  • Eye is in the “down & out” position due to opposed actions of LR & SO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Attachments for carpal tunnel

A
  • Medial attachments: Scaphoid, Trapezium

* Lateral attachments: Pisiform, Hamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What runs in carpal tunnel

A
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons X4
  • Flexor digitorum profoundus tendons X4
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Median nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The dorsal venous arch of the foot gives rise to which two main superficial veins?

A
  • Medially – Long saphenous vein

* Laterally – Short saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Into which vessels do these superficial veins usually drain?

A
  • Long saphenous vein drains into the Femoral vein t the Saphenous opening
  • Short saphenous vein drains into the Popliteal vein at the Popliteal fossa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are relationships of long and short saphenous vein to the malleoli as they cross the ankle?

A
  • Long saphenous vein passes anterior to medial malleolus

* Short saphenous vein passes posterior to lateral malleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the common consequence of abnormal drainage between superficial and deep veins?

A

Varicose veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is carpal tunnel normally as a result of

A

Diabetes, High blood pressure, Autoimmune disorders, fractures of the wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathology of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Increased pressure so entrapment of median nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What nerve is affected following a blow to the lateral side of the leg, just below the knee?

A

Common peroneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Compartments affected and functional problem with damaged superficial peroneal

A

Lateral compartment: loss of eversion of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Compartments affected and functional problem with damaged deep peroneal

A

Anterior compartment: loss of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Symptom of lateral medullary syndrome and structure associated

A

Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia = inferior cerebellar peduncleLoss of sensation of pain and temperature face = spinal trigeminal nucleusLoss of sensation of pain/temp of contralateral body = spinothalamic tractVertigo = vestibular nucleusHorner’s syndrome = sympathetic tractHoarseness and difficulty swallowing = nucleus ambiguus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 neural components of a saccade

A

Optic nerve
Superior colliculus
Visual cortex
Cranial nerves and nuclei

20
Q

3 types of nystagmus

A

Vestibulo-­‐ocular reflex(vestibular nystagmus) driven by vestibular afferents. When the head is rotated the eyes move in the opposite direction (slow component) to maintain the point of visual fixation on the retina. When the limit of movement is reached the eyes flick back (fast component) and maintain a new fixation point. Slow component driven by afferents from labyrinths. If a subject is rotated and then stopped, postrotatory nystagmus occurs owing to displacement of the cupula in the opposite direction due to inertia of fluid in semi-­‐circular canals.•Optokinetic nystagmus(ocular nystagmus) driven by retinal afferents. There is a limit to the amount the eyes can be moved in the head to follow an object (slow phase of nystagmus) -­‐for example from a moving vehicle [e.g. at a tube station]. When the limit is reached the eyes flick back (quick phase) to a new fixation point.•Physiologic nystagmusalso occurs even when the subject stares at a stationary fixation point. Since the neural connections from the receptors in the eye adapt to the stimulus, physiologic nystagmus repeatedly moves the image to activate new receptors and help overcome the adaptation.ABD

21
Q

Difference of nociceptors to touch receptors

A

polymodal; high threshold; all slow adapting; all free nerve endings

22
Q

How is neuropathic pain different to nociceptive pain

A 
Lesion in nervous system
No response to analgesia
Noxious stimulus absent
Abnormal pathway used
Sensation burning and throbbing rather than dull and aching
23
Q

Loss of sight in one eye

A

Anopia

24
Q

How is acuity increased in middle ear

A

) The lever system of articulated ossicles between the malleus, incus and stapes, therefore the vibration and
conduction between the bones creates a better intensity
b) The ratio of area of tympanic membrane to oval window (17:1), therefore the sound would be mo

25
Q

A patient had an acoustic schwannoma and has deafness. Describe why, if left untreated, later on the
patient will have ataxia, dizziness, loss of facial sensation and facial movement.
• Growing in the internal acoustic meatus = sensorineural deafness due to pressing

A

• Growing in the internal acoustic meatus = sensorineural deafness due to pressing on the cochlear part of the
nerve, dizziness due to pressing on vestibular part of CN8
• Ataxia = further growth puts pressure on cerebellum and brainstem, raising the ICP and causing ataxia• Loss of facial sensation = the tumour may grow into the posterior fossa, press on the V nerve which is
responsible for facial sensation
• Loss of facial movement = the tumour stretches the facial nerve which innervates the facial muscles (leaves the
same foramen)

26
Q

Cranial nerves with parasympathetic association

A

Occulomotor
Vagus
Facial
Glossopharyngeal

27
Q

Upper pontine lesion effects

A

2) Swallowing (no): the nerves that control swallowing are:
a) Glossopharyngeal CN9 (medulla): innervates stylopharyngeus via nucleus ambiguus
b) Vagus CN10 (medulla): innervates muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and upper oesophagus for
swallowing
c) NB: chewing would be affected because the trigeminal nerve emerges on the pons and innervates the muscles of
mastication including the masseter, medial and lateral ptergoids and temporalis
3) Horizontal eye movements (yes): the abducens nerve CN6 controls the lateral rectus muscle for horizontal version and
originates at the ponto-medullary junction.
4) Facial expression (yes): the facial nerve CN7 emerges at the pontomedullary junction lateral to CN6 and controls the
muscles of facial expression

28
Q

Syringomyelia effects

A

Spinothalamic level: disruption of pain and temperate as the fibres decussate at the level of input - loss of
nociception from the upper limbs à pt presents with cuts on hands disrupts fibres crossing over at the midline
• Severe pain and UMN lesions; disrupted ANS
• Dorsal columns: Joint position and vibration senses are spared
• If enters the brainstem: dysarthria, dysphagia, tongue wasting, ataxia and nystagmus

29
Q

Structures associated with aggression

A

Brain stem (PAG)
Hypothalamus
Amygdala

30
Q

Limbic system affected disorders

A

Amygdala (aggression, fear, fight, flight) à Kluver Bucy

Hypothalamus (memory and learning) à Alzheimer’s, epilepsy

31
Q

What are 2 types of relfex seen in knee jerk

A

Monosynpatic to the same muscle (effector muscle)
Polysynaptic to the antagonist muscle (knee flexor)
Is a postural reflex

32
Q

Function test and nerve of each ocular muscle

A 
Superior	rectus
• Movement	=	elevation	and	adduction
• Superior	ramus	of	CN3
• To	test	=	abduct	then	elevate
Inferior	rectus
• Movement	=	depression	and	adduction
• Inferior	ramus	of	CN3
• To	test	=	abduct	then	depress
Medial	rectus
• Movement	=	adduction
• Inferior	ramus	of	CN3
• To	test	=	adduct
Lateral	rectus
• Movement	=	abduction
• CN6
• To	test	=	abduction
Superior	oblique
• Movement	=	depression	and	abduction
• Trochlear	nerve	CN4
• To	test	=	adduct	then	depress
Inferior	oblique
• Movement	=	elevation	and	abduction
• Inferior	ramus	of	CN3
• To	test	=	adduction	then	elevate
33
Q

Innervation of ciliary muscle, cornea, levator palpebrae and lacrimal gland

A

. Ciliary muscle – parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibres (short ciliary nerve) from ciliary ganglion. NB: CN3 is the
pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibre synapsing in the edinger westphal nucleus.
2. Cornea – trigeminal, V1 (nasociliary of ophthalmic branch). NB branches of ophthalmic include: frontal (scalp +
forehead), nasociliary (orbit and nasal mucosa), lacrimal (lacrimal gland)
3. Levator palpebrae superioris – superior ramus of CN3 N.B. the tarsal muscle is innervated by sympathetic fibres of
superior cervical ganglion from T1 [also innervates vascular SM for vasoconstriction and radial muscle for dilation].
4. Lacrimal gland – post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres from facial nerve (CN7) from pterygopalatine ganglion
(superior salivatory nucleus within the pons). Sensory innervation is via lacrimal nerve of trigeminal V1

34
Q

Corticospinal pathway

A
  • Sensory input to the Betz cells in layer 5
  • Cell bodies arise in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex via Betz cells
  • Axons project to white matter below
  • Axons project through the posterior limb of the internal capsule
  • UMN fibres go to brainstem
  • Travel via cerebral peduncles à fibres come together as the pyramids
  • 80% of the fibres decussate at the medullary pyramids (those 20% that don’t = anterior corticospinal)
  • Synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
  • Lower motor neurones innervate voluntary muscles
35
Q

Where does 4th ventricel receive CSF from

A

Central canal of spine

Aqueduct

36
Q

5 components of reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor – responds to stimulus by producing receptor potential
• Sensory neurone – conducts impulse from receptor to integrating centre
• Central integrating centre: interneurone in spinal cord, relay impulse sensoryàmotor
• Motor neurone: impulse from integrating centreàeffector
• Effector muscle or gland: responds to motor impulse from motor nerve

37
Q

Diseases which affect motor system and how they do

A

Motor neurone disease
• Affects the UMN and LMN of the corticospinal tract
• Chromatolysis = disconnection of the neurons from target muscle fibres
• Mosaic patterns with a decrease in myosin ATP
• Muscle atrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Antibodies bind to the nicotinic AChR of the neuromuscular junction

38
Q

Branches of laryngeal nerve and effect of damage

A

Superior laryngeal nerve à internal and external laryngeal nerves
• Internal à loss of sensation to larynx above the vocal cords
• External à loss of inferior constrictor muscle and cricothryoid (forward and downward rotation of thyroid cartilage
to tense the vocal cords)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
1. Loss of intrinsic laryngeal muscles excluding the cricothyroid
2. On the LEFT: bronchial or oesophageal tumour/swollen mediastinal lymph nodes can damage recurrent laryngeal
3. Hoarseness, breathlessness, aphonia

39
Q

How are loud noises dampened down

A

There is a reflex contraction of the stapedius muscle (attached to stapes) and the tensor tympani muscle (attached
to malleus) to loud noises à reduces leverage through the ossicle bridge.
• NB: swallowing opens up the Eustachian tube which is connected to the nasopharynx à equalises membrane
pressure either side of the tympanic membrane.

40
Q

What is responsible for auditory reflexes

A

Inf colliculus

41
Q

Action and supply of sternothyroid, geniohyoid, digastric, thyrohyoid, mylohyoid and stylohyoid muscles

A

• Nerve supply = ansa cervicalis (nerve fibres forming a loop from C1-C3 and innervating many infrahyoid muscles)
• Action = depress the larynx bone
• NB: thyroid muscles (sternothyroid and thyrohyoid depress/raise the larynx respectively). The omohyoid and
sternohyoid depress the hyoid bone.
• Anterior belly digastric opens mouth by lowering the mandible.
• Posterior belly digastric pulls hyoid upward and back = facial nerve
• Mylohyoid elevates the hyoid bone = V3
• Stylohyoid elevates hyoid in postero-superior direction = facial nerve
• Geniohyoid pulls mandible downward and inward, or hyoid bone forward if mandible fixed = C1 fibres

42
Q

Which nerve is at risk when clamping the inferior thyroid vessels for thyroid surgery and what are the likely
consequences of damaging the nerve?

A

Vagus supplies larynx.
• Superior laryngeal nerve – internal (sensation above cords) and external branches (cricothyroid and inferior
constrictor muscle). Superior thyroid artery from external carotid and runs with internal branch à thyrohyoid
membrane.
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve (sensation below vocal cords, most intrinsic laryngeal muscles). Inferior thyroid artery
from the thyrocervical trunk of subclavian
• Right recurrent laryngeal most vulnerable as it has a direct course (left arches around aorta).
• Consequence = loss of sensation below the vocal cords and paralysis of the ipsilateral laryngeal muscles except
cricothyroid.
• Unilateral = hoarseness; bilateral may mean loss of voice (aphonia) and difficulty breathing

43
Q

Consequence of poor drainage between superficial and deep veins in leg

A

Swelling of superficial veins (i.e. varicose veins)
If a deep vein problem à DVT, post-phlebitic syndrome
If superficial à ulcers, superficial thrombophlebitis

44
Q

What prevents hip from over-extending

A

All ligaments limit extension
Ischio-femoral ligament = limits medial rotation
Pubofemoral ligament = limits abduction
Iliofemoral ligament = limits lateral rotation
They spiral together and become taut when the hip extends
Minimises energy required to maintain the standing position

45
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Pins and needles/paraesthesiae in the hand
Weakness of the thumb muscles
Loss of muscle bulk of the thumb muscles
*Sensation preserved as palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve comes off before
*Swelling of the tendons or cysts in the carpal joints (RA, hypothyroid) à pressure on the median nerve

46
Q

Landmark femoral artery

A

3-4cms above the mid-point of the inguinal ligament

47
Q

What does phospholipase A2 break daiglycerol into

A

arachidonic acid

LCRS 2 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions