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LCRS 2 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What three techniques are used to monitor activity during sleep?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electromyography (EMG)
Electrooculography (EOG)

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2
Q

Describe the EEG and EMG activity in wakefulness.

A

EEG – fast brain rhythm – beta waves (~30 Hz)

EMG – reasonable amount of muscle tone because you are maintaining posture and ready for action

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3
Q

Describe the EEG, EMG and EOG activity in non-REM sleep.

A 
Stage 1+2 
 Light sleep
 EEG – theta (4-8 Hz) waves – gradually becoming more and more drowsy
 EOG – NO eye movements 
 EMG – muscle activity reduced considerably 
Stage 3+4 
 Very deep sleep
 EEG - Delta activity (< 4 Hz)
 EOG – minimal eye movement
 EMG – continued relaxation of muscles
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4
Q

Describe the EEG, EMG and EOG activity in REM sleep.

A

EEG – brain shifts abruptly back to fast rhythm (similar to wakefulness)
EOG – rapid eye movement
EMG – muscle activity at its lowest – subject is basically paralysed

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5
Q

How long is a normal sleep cycle?

A

1-1.5 hours

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6
Q

Compare the relative amounts of NREM and REM sleep in a sleep cycle at the start of a night’s sleep and at the end.

A

Start of the night – more NREM sleep

End of the night – more REM sleep

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7
Q

Describe how heart rate and respiratory rate change during sleep.

A

SLOW during NREM

FAST during REM sleep

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8
Q

Which system is responsible for maintaining consciousness?

A

Reticular activating system

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9
Q

How does the reticular activating system control the activity of the cortex?

A

Either via direct connections

Or via indirect connections through the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

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10
Q

What are the two important nuclei in the hypothalamus that are responsible for influencing the reticular activating system and, hence, regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus – wakefulness
Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus – promotes sleep
NOTE: they have an antagonistic relationship

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11
Q

Describe the circadian synchronisation of the sleep-wake cycle.

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for synchronising the sleep-wake cycle with falling light level
It receives an input from the retina (not from the usual photogenic cells) and as light level falls the suprachiasmatic nucleus becomes more active

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12
Q

Describe the effect of the suprachiasmatic nucleus on the nuclei within the hypothalamus.

A

Falling light level –> increased activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus
This leads to activation of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and inhibition of lateral hypothalamus so you become sleepier

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13
Q

What other important projection does the suprachiasmatic nucleus have and what is the importance of this projection?

A

Projection to the pineal gland
Increase in suprachiasmatic nucleus activity leads to activation of pineal gland so that it releases melatonin
Melatonin adjusts various physiological processes in the body that fit with sleep

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14
Q

What are some consequences of sleep deprivation?

A 
Sleepiness/irritability 
Performance decrements  
Concentration difficulties 
Glucose intolerance – risk of diabetes  
Reduced leptin  
Hallucinations
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15
Q

Describe three ways in which sleep is regulated after sleep deprivation.

A

Reduced latency of sleep onset (fall asleep faster)
Increased NREM sleep (sleep for longer)
Increased REM sleep

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16
Q

During what stages of sleep can you dream?

A

Both NREM and REM but you tend to dream more and are able to recall dreams better during REM sleep

17
Q

Describe the brain activity of the limbic system compared to the frontal lobe in sleep.

A

Brain activity in the limbic system is higher than in the frontal lobe
This is because the content of dreams tends to be more emotional than in real life

18
Q

Sleep is important in memory consolidation. What is the difference in memory consolidation between NREM and REM sleep?

A

NREM – declarative = facts and events

REM – procedural = learning skills

19
Q

State some causes of insomnia that are physiological or due tobrain dysfunction.

A

Physiological – sleep apnoea, chronic pain

Brain Dysfunction – depression, fatal familial insomnia

20
Q

Hypnotics can be used to treat insomnia. How do they work?

A

They enhance the inhibitory (GABAergic) circuits in the brain

21
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

A condition characterised by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings

22
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Sudden onset of muscle weakness that may be precipitated by excitement or emotion

23
Q

Explain narcolepsy with regards to the sleep cycle.

A

It tends to be due to a dysfunction of control of REM sleep

Patients go straight to REM sleep without going through NREM sleep so they become paralysed

24
Q

What is narcolepsy caused by?

A

Orexin deficiency

Orexin is a neuropeptide, which is the neurotransmitter in the lateral hypothalamus

25
Q

What are the potential consequences of working night shifts and conidtions this is risk factor for?

A

Physiological processes could become desynchronised

This can lead to sleep disorders, fatigue and increased risk of some conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cancer

26
Q

Features of sleep

A

Species specific posture
Minimal movement
Reduced responsiveness
Can be reversed by stimulation unlike coma and death

27
Q

How many stages to sleep

A

5

28
Q

Stages in NREM sleep

A

1 and 2

3and 4

29
Q

R.E.M. sleep stages

A

5

30
Q

How can sleep make you obese

A

Reduces leptin so increased appetite

31
Q

What is a lucid dream

A

Occurs when realise am in a dream and critical process/ frontal lobe functioning can take over

32
Q

What can cause insomnia

A

Either physiological or pathological

33
Q

Order of insomnia treatments

A

Sleep hygiene
Hypnotics
Medication

34
Q

Features of sleep hygiene

A

Things like establishing sleep times, no caffeine, relaxing bedtime environment and no napping

35
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Excessive daytime sleeping

36
Q

Common hypersomnia causes

A

Neurodegenerative conditions
anxiety
obstructive sleep apnoea
medication misuse

37
Q

Test for hypersomnia

A

Epworth sleepiness scale

Questions where you measure how likely you are to fall asleep during day in certain situations

38
Q

Causes of orexin deficiency

A

autoimmune or genetic

39
Q

Treatment of orexin deficiency

A

Tight sleep schedule

LCRS 2 (44 decks)

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