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FAMS > Thin Beef Cow > Flashcards

Thin Beef Cow Flashcards

1
Q

If there is fat in the tailhead, what you can automatically assume about BCS?

A

6 or above

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2
Q

If there is NO fat in the tailhead, what you can automatically assume about BCS?

A

5 or less

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3
Q

why is LOW BCS a concern?

A

well obviously animal welfare, but also low BCS decreases reproductive success and milk production

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4
Q

if there is fat in the brisket, what can you assume about BCS?

A

8 or above

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5
Q

You are called by a farmer who thinks a few of his cows are a little skinny. When you arrive, you notice that the entire herd is BCS 3-4…What is the issue here?

A

nutrition

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6
Q

You are called by a farmer who thinks a few of his cows are a little skinny. When you arrive, you notice that 2-3 of the cows have a BCS of 4, but majority are good BCS… What could be the issue here? (3 possibilities)

A
  • old age
  • lameness
  • chronic disease
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7
Q

it is hard to have ________ in a good BCS at calving and this can affect their cyclicity.

choose between spring or fall calvers

A

spring calvers

it is easier to have them gaining weight during their breeding season (summer/early fall)

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8
Q

it is hard to have ________ in a gaining weight during breeding season.

choose between spring or fall calvers

A

fall calvers and this can affect their fertility.

however, its easy to have these cows in a good BCS at calving.

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9
Q

If a cows 3rd pair of teeth are in wear, how old is she?

A

3.5 years

for studying:
1st pair = 1.5 y
2nd pair = 2.5 y
3rd pair = 3.5 y
4th pair = 4.5 y

if tooth neck starts showing…
1st pair = 6 y
2nd pair = 7 y
3rd pair = 8 y
4th pair = 9 y
if gaps are showing = 10 y +

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10
Q

what are the 3 possible causes of swellings in the jaw region of cattle?

A
  1. lumpy jaw
  2. abscess
  3. bottle jaw
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11
Q

what are the 2 pathophysiologic causes of bottle jaw?

A
  1. hypoproteinemia + anemia
  2. R-sided heart failure
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12
Q

How can you differentiate between lumpy jaw, abscesses, and bottle jaw?

A

lumpy jaw = unilateral, assoc. with bone so non-movable

abscess = freely movable

bottle jaw = in middle of mandible and is pitting edema.

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13
Q

what are the 2 main causes of R-sided heart failure in cattle?

A
  1. hardware disease
  2. bacterial endocarditis
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14
Q

what are 3 classic clinical signs of hardware disease?

A
  1. bottle jaw
  2. murmur
  3. distended jugulars

must have 2/3 to diagnose

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15
Q

What can traumatic reticuloperitonitis cause?

(note this is the type that is not associated with the heart)

A

localized or generalized peritonitis and weight loss.

consider slaughter, there will be WD times if Abs are used to treat and owners must be wiling to commit to 7-10d course.

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16
Q

what is the treatment for hardware disease?

A
  • magnet
  • NSAIDs
  • Abs (5d minimum)

tx success will depend on how severe it was. If super severe, prognosis is poor and treatment is probably not worth it.. consider slaughter.

17
Q

What are classic signs of bacterial endocarditis?

A
  1. murmur
  2. distended jugulars
  3. jugular pulse going almost all the way to jaw
  4. down on withers pinch
18
Q

how do you treat bacterial endocarditis?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Abs (5d minimum)
19
Q

What is the etiologic agent for johne’s disease?

A

mycobacterium paratuberculosis

20
Q

what is the pathophysiology of mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection?

A

infection will occur fecal-oral route. paratuberculosis gets taken up by the cells of the terminal ileum where it mulitplies and causes thickening and chronic inflammation of the ileum. This leads to inability to absorb nutrients and proteins AND inflamed intestine is losing protein from blood into the lumen of the intestine –> hypoproteinemia (d/t protein-losing enteropathy)
also leads to hindgut fermentation and increased osmotic pressures, so –> diarrhea.

21
Q

T/F: infection of older cattle with mycobacterium paratuberculosis is uncommon and would require a large infectious dose.

A

true

22
Q

Johnes disease occurs more frquently in beef or dairy cattle?

A

dairy

25-35% US dairy herds may be infected.

23
Q

describe the progression of clinical signs in cattle infected with mycobacterium paratuberculosis?

A
  • initially they have a good appetite but are experiencing weight loss and they may have intermittent diarrhea
  • then, the diarrhea becomes persistent
  • then, animal becomes dull, lethagic, emaciated, dehydrated, and may develop bottle jaw.
  • death is end stage
24
Q

What is meant when we say “cattle with clinical signs of mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection represent only the tip of the iceburg”?

A

for every advanced clinical case of Johne’s on the farm, there are likely 15-25 OTHER cattle infected.

25
Q

what is the BEST way to diagnose mycobacterium paratuberculosis in 1 cow on a farm – blood ELISA, fecal culture, or fecal PCR?

A

fecal PCR – its expensive, but its most common for individual animal testing.

26
Q

what is the BEST way to diagnose mycobacterium paratuberculosis in a herd of cows on a farm that are having symptoms of Johne’s?
a. blood or milk ELISA
b. fecal culture
c. fecal PCR

A

a. blood or milk ELISA – this is a screening test for a herd.
It does have POOR sensitivity, so there are many false negatives. Its pretty cheap and fast.

27
Q

What diagnostic test for mycobacterium paratuberculosis is not good because it is expensive and takes too long?

A

fecal culture – takes 1-4 months.
this has been replaced by fecal PCR.

28
Q

T/F: negative ELISA tests for M. paratuberculosis proves an absence of infection and can be used to determine if cattle are free before entering a herd.

A

false
this is why its not reliable to test cattle that do NOT have clinical signs. the sensitivity is too low.

29
Q

how can you screen a herd for M. paratuberculosis?

A
  1. environmental culture of 8 spots on the farm
  2. blood or milk ELISA – can tell you prevalence, but does a poor job at telling you which cows are affected.
30
Q

what are the 2 fundamental ways to prevent and control M paratuberculosis infections?

A
  1. prevent newborn and young calves from ingesting feces from infected adults (separate at birth, feed colostrum from uninfected cows, feed milk replacer)
  2. reduce total farm env. contamination by culling cattle that are shedding (obtain fecal cultures of entire herd and cull infected cattle)
31
Q

Is there a vaccine for M. paratuberculosis and if so, is it effective?

A

killed vaccine is restricted for use in a few states under the supervison of the state vet.
it is effective in delaying the ONSET of clinical signs but does NOT prevent infection.

FAMS (36 decks)

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