thiamine

Question 1

what type of vitamin is thiamine

Answer 1

a water soluble-vitamin, also known as vitamin B1

Question 2

what is The co-enzyme formed from dietary thiamin

Answer 2

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor required in energy metabolism

Question 3

thiamine requirements relate to what

Answer 3

energy expenditure and intakes

Question 4

what is the EAR and RNI for thiamine in adults

Answer 4

EAR ; 0.3 mg/1, 000 kcal
RNI; 0.4 mg/1, 000 kcal

This equates to:

0.8 mg/day females
1 mg/day males

Question 5

how is thiamine influenced by dietary factors

Answer 5

requirements are higher for carbohydrate-rich diet

folate deficiency reduces absorption of thiamine

high intakes of alcohol appear also to reduce thiamine absorption

Question 6

how is thiamine influenced by therapeutic drugs

Answer 6

e.g. furosemide (diuretic) reduces thiamine by increasing urinary excretion

Question 7

food sources of thiamine

Answer 7

bovril
marmite
cornflakes
liver
wholemeal bread
feel
lamb
boiled pulses

Question 8

thiamine during cooking

Answer 8

Thiamine is very unstable and easily lost in food preparation, including when cooking in water

Question 9

what food process removes large amounts of thiamine

Answer 9

Polishing or refining

Question 10

how may losses of niacin during food prep and cooking be replaced

Answer 10

Some of this may be replaced by fortification of refined foods e.g. flour, cereals

Question 11

in the body around 30mg of thiamine is needed for what

Answer 11

liver
skeletal muscle
heart
kidney
brain

Question 12

how is thiamine important in the nervous system

Answer 12

in tri-phosphorylated form, thought to be involved in controlling impulse transmission by regulating ion transport (Na, Cl)

Question 13

what is used to diagnose thiamine deficiency

Answer 13

Erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient

Question 14

Substantive increase in activity (>16 %) following saturating dose of thiamine indicates what

Answer 14

deficiency

Question 15

In beri-beri, urinary ‘thiamine excretion’ is less than what

Answer 15

15 micro g/d

Question 16

beri beri occurs at intakes less than what

Answer 16

0.2 mg/1, 000 kcals.

Question 17

what are symptoms of dry beri beri

Answer 17

muscle weakness
wasting
peripheral
neuropathy

Question 18

what are symptoms of wet beri beri

Answer 18

cardiomegaly
tachycardia
oedema
(- proteinuria)

Question 19

what are some early symptoms of beri beri

Answer 19

loss of appetite
tingling of hands and legs
numbness, aches and pains
weakness and wasting of leg muscle
difficulty walking

Question 20

how does infantile beri beri occur and whats its symptoms

Answer 20

is breast fed from mother vit B deficient

fretful
vomiting
weight loss
swelling
convulsions

Question 21

what causes acute beri beri, and what can this cause

Answer 21

Parenteral nutrition high in dextrose, low in thiamin

Acute beri beri occurs in hospitals when patients can’t eat.

the low thiamine will cause Anorexia, vomiting, lactic acidosis(reducing PH of blood), cardiac dysfunction

Question 22

what are sympotoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; other causes – alcoholism; AIDs)

Answer 22

opthalmoplegia – paralysis of ocular muscles- cant move eyes without moving head as well

nystagmus – involuntary eyeball movement, such as eyeballs shaking

ataxia – poor muscle coordination

loss of short-term memory & confusion

Alcohol intereferes with thiamine absorption.

Question 23

what are causes of thiamine deficiency

Answer 23

congestive heart failure, increases need for thiamine

increased clearance

some bowel disorders

decreased dietary absorption e.g. IBD

Question 24

how can alcoholism mask alcohol deficiency

Answer 24

Alcholism can mask fact of thiamin deficiency as symptoms (memory and confusion, and muscle coordination) are same In both