meat, eggs, milk, and dairy Flashcards
are humans carnivores, herbivores or omnivores, and what causes alterations in this between people, and why can this be a problem in peoples diet
they’re omnivores with a healthy diet involving foods from both plants and animals.
Some choose to avoid meat, fish or animal products on religious grounds, ethical reasons or financial reasons.
These foods are excellent sources of good quality protein.
Problem with only plant based diets such as, protein quality is reduces as animal products are high quality protein, also source of vit B12 is reduces as is mainly found in animal products
what are examples of red meat
Beef, lamb, pork, goat, veal, venison (deer), mutton and horse.
May also be defined as coming from mammals, although ducks and geese have a fairly high content of dark meat and are sometimes classed as red meat.
Duck is a poultry but has a high content of dark meat so can be classed at red meat
explain the muscle fibres in red meat
Has more red than white muscle fibres and is red before being cooked.
Meat that’s red when raw, due to it containing red muscle, this is red as contain myoglobin which contain oxygen so is aerobic, this muscle is much more dominant in many mammals
Whereas white muscles don’t contain myoglobin, this indicated this muscle is anaerobic
what is the difference between red and white meat
red Has a more intense flavour than white meat.
what type of iron do animal products provide
Haem iron comes from animal products. This is more readily absorbable than nonhaem iron that you get from plant products.
what vitamin and mineral sources does red meat provide
Rich source of high quality protein, vitamins A, B12 and D (It has vit D but not in massive amounts), and iron and zinc.
what is poultry and include examples
its white meat
A group of domesticated fowl, raised for their meat and eggs.
Includes birds such as chickens, turkey, geese and guinea fowl.
what are the nutritional benefits of poultry
its A low-fat source (if skin is taken off) of protein, so a good alternative to red or processed meat.
what are the concerns of Cooking meat at high temperatures or over a direct flame (fried, grilled or barbecued)
produces heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic in animal studies.
how is processed meat preserved
by curing, salting, smoking or adding chemical preservatives: nitrate + nitrite salts.
what meats are processed
pork or beef, or other red meat, poultry, offal or meat by-products like blood.
Ham, salami, pepperoni, chorizo, hot dogs + canned meat.
Minced meats, sausages + hamburgers - only if preserved with salt, nitrates, nitrites or other preservatives.
what are the nutritional qualities of red meat, processed meat
high in saturated fat and salt.
what is the strength of evidence between processed meats causing cancer
they are in group 1 out of 5, which is classed as causes cancer
what is the strength of evidence between red meats causing cancer
they are in group 2 out of 5, which is classed as probably causes cancer
what are the different types of eggs most commonly consumed
chicken eggs, with duck, quail and ostrich eggs also eaten.
what are the eggs that we consume
Ova from female animals.
what vitamins and minerals do eggs contain
Excellent protein source, plus vitamins A, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B12, D and folate, and the mineral iodine.
what is one misunderstood myth of eggs nutritionally
Myth is that eggs are high in cholesterol, they do contain some cholesterol but its not cholesterol that causes high cholesterol levels
Sat fat in diet is whats causing the high levels of cholesterol levels in body
what are dairy products based off of
Dairy products are milk-based or milk-related products, and have been part of our diet since the domestication of appropriate milk-giving animals.
what was the original use of animal milk
Animal milk was mostly used for infants to replace or supplement human milk.
what can animal milk be made into
Animal milk more usually made into butter, ghee, cheese and yogurt.
when did milk became more widely consumed in Europe and N America
the start of the 20th C.
what countries develop and consume the most milk
Per-capita consumption of milk and its products is highest in developed countries, but demand is increasing in developing countries, especially East and Southeast Asia.
how is milk consumption increasing
as People are slowly developing a tolerance to it
as before, Most of global pop are lactase intolerant, so cant break down lactose in milk products
how is Most milk in Western countries is produced
produced by pregnant cows, with production enhanced by genetic selection and feed alteration.
what animals milk do people drink globally
Other important animals include goats, sheep, camels, horses, reindeer, water buffalo, zebu cows and yaks.
Composition of milk can change from breed to breed, such as it becoming more creamy and higher in fat
how is fresh milk usually drank
in high income countries, fresh milk is usually pasteurised (rapid heating to destroy potentially harmful micro-organisms. In other countries, milk is consumed raw (unpasteurised or untreated).
Some cheeses are made from unpasteurised milk, this can be quite common
what can further processing of milk produce
cream, ice cream, fats (butter and ghee) and fermented foods (cheese and yogurt).
how is cream produced
cream is a natural component of milk
Obtained by centrifugation – spinning the milk at high speed to separate milk-fat globules from the denser liquid. The cream is then pasteurised.
what is the Minimum milk fat composition defined by law for clotted cream
55%
what is the Minimum milk fat composition defined by law for double cream
48%
what is the Minimum milk fat composition defined by law for whipped cream
35%
what is the Minimum milk fat composition defined by law for single cream
18%
how are sour cream and creme fraiche produced
made by adding a bacterial culture which produces lactic acid and sours the cream.
what is dairy ice cream made from
whole milk or cream, and must contain a minimum of 5% milk fat
what is non dairy ice cream made from
from skimmed milk and vegetable fat such as coconut or palm oil.
what does general ice cream contain other than the milk/cream
contains non-fat milk solids (proteins, lactose and minerals), sugar, sweeteners, flavourings, colourings, emulsifiers and stabilisers.
what processes are used to make ice cream
Made by mixing various ingredients together, followed by pasteurisation, homogenisation, cooling, ageing and hardening/freezing.
how is butter made
by churning cream in a large vat which produces small butter grains which are pressed and kneaded together.
what are the components, percentage wise, of butter
Butter contains 80% fat and 15% water.
what can be added to butter for flavouring
salt
what is ghee
Clarified butter – used widely in Indian cooking.
how is ghee produced
Produced by simmering butter and removing the liquid residue.
what vitamins do cream, ice-cream and butter all contain
Source of fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E.
what vitamins are lost during production of cream and butter.
Most water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C
in what proportion are Cream, ice cream and butter included in the eat well guide
UK Eatwell Guide as “foods to eat less often and in small amounts”.
what is the weight and kcal in 1 serving of butter
10g
75kcal
what is the weight and kcal in 1 serving of single cream
15g
30kcal
what is the weight and kcal in 1 serving of double cream and whipped cream
30g
150kcal
what is the weight and kcal in 1 serving of ice-cream
60g
100kcal
how is cheese made
Made by adding harmless bacteria (starter cultures) to pasteurised milk.
Bacteria grow which ripens and flavours the milk.
Rennet (an enzyme complex) is added to curdle the milk and separate it into thick curds and runny whey.
Curds and whey are heated and stirred, the whey is drained and the remaining curds (cheese) is pressed into a mould.
Cheese is removed from the mould, wrapped in polythene and allowed to mature. Flavour strengthens with duration of storage.
what happens to flavour of cheese over time
becomes stronger flavour
what is fresh cheese
ready to eat as soon as they are made and are not matured.
what is soft cheese
may be sprayed with Penicillium candidum to help them ripen from the outside.
what is semi hard cheese
lie between soft and hard cheese and have a more rubbery texture.
when is hard and crumbly cheese usually sold
between 4-8 weeks of age
how long do hard and firm cheese mature for
matured from between 12 weeks (mild Cheddar) to 2 years or longer for vintage Cheddar or Parmesan.
what is yoghurt and where did it originate
A type of fermented milk that is thought to have originated in Eastern Europe and Asia thousands of years ago.
how is yoghurt made
Made by adding harmless lactic acid bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus bulgaricus) to milk during fermentation process.
Bacteria ferment the milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid which helps coagulate the proteins within the milk which sets.
what beneficial thing to humans is yoghurt rich in
Rich in probiotics – live bacteria which can confer health benefits.
what are the common organisms used in yoghurt probiotics
Most common organisms used are Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.
what are Non-dairy, Plant-based milk substitutes
Suspensions of dissolved and disintegrated plant material in water.
Resemble cow’s milk in appearance, but not necessarily in nutritional composition.
Can be fermented to produce dairy-free yogurts or cheese.
what is the most widely consumed plant based milk alternative
soy milk
where did soy milk originate
Originated in China. Demand in USA and Europe was initiated by consumers who were avoiding cow’s milk.
what other plant based milks have noe reduced the consumption of soy milk
oat, rice, quinoa, hemp, coconut and nut.
