beverages Flashcards
what type of roles do water have
symbolic role as well as its nutritional and physiological necessity
what do soda waters contain
carbonated water (water treated with CO2 under pressure).
what do tonic waters contain
a little quinine to give some bitterness.
some people may be allergic to this
what are ex of carbonated flavoured waters
colas, lemonade & orangeade.
do carbonated flavoured waters contain fruit material
no
what do low calorie versions of carbonated flavoured water contain
saccharin or aspartame or a mix
how much of the named fruit do fruit squashes contain
a defined amount
what do low calorie fruit squashes do to the drink
replace part of the sugars with sweeteners
in what form do fruit squashed usually come in
concentrated form for dilution before consumption
what do carbonated drinks offer to those in countries where drinking water quality in doubtful
a degree of safety
what are the nutritional roles of soft drinks
they make consuming water attractive
Carbohydrate (sucrose, glucose, fructose) contributes energy
but dont provide much else than this
what vitamin do Ribena and tropicana provide
vit C
how many grams or less of free sugars are recommended
30g or less
monster and cola exceed this
what is the soft drinks industry levy
the sugar tax
april 2018
whats the aims of the sugar tax
to help reduce sugar in soft drinks and tackle childhood obesity
what did the money hained from sugar tax go towards
doubling primary sports premium and creation of healthy peoples capital fund to help schools upgrade sport facilities and give children access to top quality physical education equipment . Also gives funding boosts for healthy school breakfast clubs
what drinks are exempt from sugar tax
fruit juices with no added sugars, and milk products
fruit juices are permitted to the additions of what
vitamins like vit C as a process aid
what happens to the fruit in fruit juices
Fruit is washed, then pressed, but not the skin
why is use of skin avoided in fruit juices
as can cause undesirable bitter flavours
how are many retail fruit juices derived
derived by diluting from imported concentrates.
what are major sources of fruit juices
citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit), pineapple, apple and grape.
where are fruit nectars popular
in continental europe
how are fruit nectars prepared
by mixing fruit juices with a syrup.
what nutrition do fruit juices contain
all the nutrients from the fruits , except their fibre as skin removed
what can high sugar content contribute to
overweight and obesity, and dental caries
what are dental caries
destruction of the enamel caused by acids resulting from bacterial breakdown of sugars in the mouth.
what can drinks high acidity contribute to
dental erosion
what is dental erosion
loss of tooth surface / mineralised tissue.
diet drinks can cause this as quite acidic
what 4 stages do tea leaves go through
Withering
Rolling
Oxidation
Drying
explain the stage of withering that tea leaves go though for tea production
Water content is reduced to about 60%−70%.
Tea leaves are laid out in big troughs on a wire mesh and air is passed over them, gently drying them out.
This takes12−17 h, leaving the leaves bendy and ready for rolling
what are tea leaves full of
water
explain the process of rolling that happens to tea leaves
Leaves are placed on a rolling machine, which rotates horizontally on a rolling table.
This movement twists and turns the leaves until they’re thin and wiry looking. It also breaks them up, which starts the next stage: oxidation.
explain the process of oxidation that happenes to tea leaves in tea production
This process determines the tea’s colour, taste and strength.
Leaves are put in troughs or laid out on tables, and left for 30 mins to 2h, at ~ 26°C. Enzymes inside the leaves react with the air, changing the colour from green to beige, to a rich, deep brown. The colour indicates how oxidised the tea is and its flavour.
explain the oxidation process in green tea leaves
For green tea, the oxidation process is omitted. They leaves are often pan-dried or steamed to kill active enzymes, which could react with the air
The lack of oxidation gives green tea leaves their light flavour and delicate colour
explain oxidation for tea with light tase
has its oxidation process stopped when leaves are light brown
explain the oxidation in teas with a strong taste
, leaves remain in warmth until rich and coppery
explain the process of drying or firing of tea leaves in tea production
The leaves are passed through hot air dryers. This reduces water content to ~ 3%, leaving them ready to be sorted and packed.
what is coffee
A brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from 3 Coffea species: Coffea arabica, C. liberia and C, robusta.
what are coffee plants and where are they found
Coffee plants are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and also tropical Asia
what do coffee plants produce
edible red or yellow fruits called cherries, and these contain 2 seeds , the so called coffee beans
what countries export coffee
Brazil is the world leader, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, and Colombia.
gives them good income
what are the steps to coffee production
Picking or harvesting ripened coffee cherries.
Separating seeds/beans from the skin and pulp
.
Drying and milling the beans to remove husk.
Grading and sorting the beans by size and weight.
The milled beans, now referred to as green coffee, are loaded in shipping containers for trading.
Prior to being packaged, sold or used, green coffee beans are transformed into aromatic brown beans by roasting at about 280oC.
After roasting, the beans are immediately cooled, by air or water
when is roasting of coffee beans preformed and why
Roasting is performed in the importing countries because freshly roasted beans must reach the consumer as fast as possible.
in what way is decaffeinated coffee produced differently from normal coffee
produced by extracting caffeine from green coffee beans prior to roasting.
what does low to moderate does of caffeine increase
alertness
energetic arousal
motivation
cognitive performance
what do high intakes of caffeine cause
anxiety
nervousness
sleep disturbances
tremor, and tension
how are dried and fully fermented seeds of Theobroma cacao produced
Ripe fruits are split. The pulp and seeds are formed into large mounds and covered with leaves.
The pulp attracts insects and the mound ferments. The isolated seeds are dried and packed for trade.
Beans are roasted, crushed and sieved to produce cocoa nibs which are finely ground to cocoa mass.
what is cocoa butter expressed from and what is it
is expressed from the mass, leaving a residual chocolate powder or cocoa
its a pale edible fat used to make chocolate and some toiletries like hand cream
where is the cocoa bean tree native to and where does it grow
native to enteral and south America and the tree only grows in tropical regions
name the 3 main varieties of cocoa plant and explain them
forastero - 80-90% of worlds production
criollo - are rare and considered a delicacy, theyre also lower yield and less resistant to diseases that attack cocoa plant. So why few countries still produce it
trinitario - is result of cross between criollo and forastero cocoa varieties
what nutrients do cocoa beans provide
: potassium, calcium, phosphorus and iron.
what does caffeine do to urine output
increases it, so is a mild diuretic
what are short term adverse affects of high caffeine intakes
: interrupted sleep, anxiety and behavioural changes.
what caffeine intakes in adults dont rise safety concerns
intakes 400 mg/day (~5.7 mg/kg body weight) and single doses of 200 mg (~3 mg/kg)
how many mg are pregnant women advised to limit their caffeine intake to per day
200 mg/day.
what can too much caffeine intake in pregnancy lead to
to low birth weight babies or miscarriage
what vitamins do most monster energy drinks contain
B vitamins, so may be why people think its a heathy option
compare the caffeine content in red bull and monster cans
Red bull and monster have similar caffeine content but monster can has more as it bigger can
what are mineral waters
Waters from natural springs, especially those with a pronounced flavour, have been given health-giving properties by many cultures over the years.
why has bottled water consumption increased recently
Due to marketing and as its ‘fashionable’ to drink
what are examples of European and uk mineral water company’s
European waters: Evian, Vichy and Perrier.
UK waters: Malvern, Ashburton, Scottish Highland etc.
what nutritional benefits do mineral waters give
no special qualities apart from contributing minor quantities of Na, Ca and Mg. but contribute small amount to diet
when wa sthe development of clean water a major contribution to public heath
19th centaury
what are the 3 water supply’s of uk public water and explain
Subterranean aquifers – water rich in Ca and Mg, low in bacterial contamination and usually needs less purification. Referred to as hard water
Reservoirs – can be very low in minerals.
Requires extensive purification, as does river water. Soft water
Rivers
