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Animal Diseases > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

The thermoregulatory centre is located where in the brain

A

The hypothalamus

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2
Q

Heating mechanisms

A

Basal metabolic rate
Absorption from surrounding
Heat retention mechanisms

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3
Q

3 ways heat is absorbed from the environment

A

Conduction: direct contact

Convection: heat transfer from body to surrounding air

Radiation: absorption from infra-red energy

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4
Q

Heating retention mechanisms

A

Piloerection

Vasoconstriction

Behaviour responses (herding)

Shivering

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5
Q

Cooling mechanisms

A

Decrease metabolic rate

Heat in deep tissues is transferred to skin via blood flow

Evaporation

Vasodilation

Behaviour response (shade, decreased activity)

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6
Q

Normal body temp of cats and dogs

A

38.5 +/- 0.5 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

Normal body temp of cattle

A

38.5 +/- 0.5 degrees Celsius

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8
Q

Normal body temp of horses

A

38 +/- 0.5 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

True or false

Pain and extreme stress can cause a mild increase in temperature

A

True

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10
Q

Dangerous temperatures for all species

A

Hot: 43 degrees Celsius and above (rapidly dying)

Cold: 23 degrees Celsius (dying)

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11
Q

Fever (Pyrexia)

AKA physiological hyperthermia

A

Purposeful increase in body temp in response to something abnormal occurring in the body

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12
Q

Why is a fever a normal part of the body’s immune response

A

Higher temps inhibit virus and bacteria from replicating by denaturing viral and bacterial proteins

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13
Q

Why is treatment of true fever not always recommended

A

To allow the body’s natural immune response to do its job

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14
Q

True or false
Treating a fever is only indicated if the temperature is high enough or sustained long enough to pose a risk to the patients proteins

A

True

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15
Q

Proteins in the cells start to become damaged at

A

42 degrees Celsius

And irreversible damage occurs at 43 degrees Celsius

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16
Q

Treatment options for fever

A

Treat underlying problem

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories

Passive cooling

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17
Q

Pathological hyperthermia occurs when

A

There is excessive heat generation or the body cannot cool off fast enough

AKA

The increase in temperature is not supposed to be happening and it’s causing damage

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18
Q

Intrinsic risk factors for hyperthermia

A 
Obesity
Hair coat
Dehydration
Underlying issues 
Brachycephalic dogs (respiratory issues)
Genetic predisposition to drug reactions 
Exercise
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19
Q

Extrinsic risk factors for hyperthermia

A

Environmental temp approaches body temp
>80% humidity (decreases evaporation)
Over crowding/poor ventilation/transport/ capture stress
Water deprivation

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20
Q

Heat stress

Mild hyperthermia=heat exhaustion

A

Often subclinical
Signs include: lethargy, sweating, panting, decreased performance, decreased production, changes in hydration

39.1-41.5 degrees Celsius

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21
Q

Treatment of heat stress

A

Passive cooling (shade, ventilation, decrease ambient temps, fans, misting, water)

Prognosis is good if it does not progress

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22
Q

Heat stroke

Severe hyperthermia

A

Core body temp exceeds 41.5 degrees Celsius for a long period of time

Anything above 43 degrees Celsius is critical

23
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

DIC= DEATH IS COMING

24
Q

Goal when treating heat stroke

A

To decrease to 39.5 degrees within 30-45 minutes and stop there

25
Q

Passive surface cooling

A 
Cool room
Shade
Fans/ventilation
Soak with tepid water
Drink fluids
26
Q

Active surface cooling (if <43 degrees)

A

Apply cold packs to neck, foot pads, inguinal regions and axilla (where major blood vessels are)

Goal is to cool blood as it moves through the largest vessels

27
Q

Active core cooling -for critical heat stroke

A

Chilled IV fluids

Cool water enemas

28
Q

Why should you not immerse a heat stroke patient into an ice bath?

A

It will cause vasoconstriction and shivering: things that will create more heat

29
Q

Mu-agonist induced hyperthermia in cats

A

A class of opioids that can cause hyperthermia in cats

30
Q

Signs of mu-agonist hyperthermia

A

Temp does not drop as expected during anesthesia

Gradual increase in temp

31
Q

Treatment of mu-agonist hyperthermia

A

Intervene at 41 degrees

Treat by reversing the opioid

32
Q

What is the most common reason patients will die from mu-agonist hyperthermia?

A

Because it is not caught early enough

33
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

A

Fatal hyperthermia caused by exposure to inhalant anesthetics

Most common in pigs

Inherited defect in skeletal muscles metabolism triggered by exposure: causes excessive release of calcium causes prolonged muscle contraction

34
Q

Hypothermia due to increased heat loss

A

Heat production is normal

Related to environmental conditions 
Cold temps
Vet
Low BCS 
neonates born in snow 
Small animals
35
Q

Hypothermia due to lack of heat production

A

Can occur with severe illness or shock
Brain trauma
Adverse effect of anesthesia

36
Q

Mild hypothermia

A

34-37 degrees Celsius

Signs: Lethargy, depression, shivering, loss of suckle reflex in young

37
Q

Moderate hypothermia

A

28 to 33 degrees Celsius (loose physiological warming responses at 33 degrees)

Signs: altered LOC, decreased metabolism, loss of thermoregulation, decreased HR and cardiac output, decreased muscle function,

38
Q

Severe hypothermia

A

<28 degrees Celsius

Signs: loss of consciousness, coma, death, organ dysfunction, DIC, CNS shut down

39
Q

Prevention for hypothermia

A

Proper shelter
Avoid wetness in cold temps
Minimize anesthesia times, warm IV fluids, monitor temps

40
Q

Treatment for hypothermia

A

Passive surface methods
Support vital functions
Active warming methods if needed

Stop warming at 37 degrees

41
Q

Why do we want to stop warming a hypothermia patient at 37 degrees Celsius

A

So they don’t get hot and start to thermoregulate to cool themselves down (sweating, panting etc)

42
Q

Passive surface warming methods

A

Get dry
Get out of cold area
Blankets
Foil wrap

43
Q

Active surface warming methods

A

Mild heat to surface, which transfers to core

Warm packs on axilla, inguinal, neck, etc

44
Q

Active core warming methods

A

Breathe in warm air
Warm IV fluids
Warm enema

Monitor temp every 15 minutes

45
Q

After drop phenomenon

A

Occurs when the patient reaches 37 degrees but heat sources are not removed

Patient becomes too warm at the core, to try and cool down again blood from the periphery (which is cool) will move to the core and cause a sudden drop in temp which can affect heart and CNS

46
Q

Re-warming shock

A

Occurs when there is external warming without core warming

Causes vasodilation in the skin, blood moves towards the skin and away from organs so the patient goes into shock

47
Q

Frostbite

A

Frozen tissue after exposure to extremes cold

48
Q

Rick factors of frostbite

A

Cold, wet, windchill
Neonates <48 hours of age
Really old or sick
If they have poor perfusion to the extremities

49
Q

Pathology of frostbite

A

Ice crystals and expansion of frozen water cause permanent tissue damage

Lack of blood flow increases risk of necrosis

Increased risk of bacterial infection upon thawing

50
Q

Necrosis

A

Dying or dead cells or tissue

51
Q

Signs of frostbite

A

Skin is hard, cold, pale, loss of sensation
Sounds solid when tapped
Red(not as severe) or black (extreme)

52
Q

Treatment of frostbite

A 
Take out of cold
Slow passive surface rewarming
Protect damaged areas from patient (might chew on them) 
Support organs 
Anti inflammatories
53
Q

What should you never do with frostbite

A

Never rub
Never immerse in hot water
Never thaw and then refreeze

Animal Diseases (15 decks)

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