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Animal Diseases > Hydration > Flashcards

Hydration Flashcards

1
Q

How much body weight is water in adults

A

60%

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2
Q

How much body weight is water in neonates

A

80%

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3
Q

All of the water in the body is distributed:

__% intercellular fluid
__% extracellular fluid

A

66%

33%

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4
Q

The total portion of blood in the blood vessels at one time is about

A

5% which is mostly going to or from the kidneys

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5
Q

Blood makes up about __% of the animals body weight

A

10%

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6
Q

A decrease in body water results in a decrease blood volume which will cause a

A

Decrease in blood pressure and a decrease in tissue perfusion

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7
Q

If loss of body water continues the next change will happen in the

A

Interstitial space

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8
Q

Signs of water loss in the interstitial space

A

Loss of moisture in skin
Sunken appearance
Drying of mucus membranes

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9
Q

Normovolemia

A

Adequate body water volume or normal hydration

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10
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Over adequate body hydration

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11
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Under adequate body hydration

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12
Q

What are some Measurable losses of body water

A 
Urination 
Secretory functions (sweat, tears, saliva etc)
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13
Q

Non-measurable losses of body water

A

Evaporation from surfaces

During respiration

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14
Q

Body water loss is exacerbated by

A 
Heat
Aridity (dry or humid)
Exercise
Fever
Open body cavities 
Pathological processes (vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding)
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15
Q

How much water does an adult need to take in

A

40-60 ml/kg/day

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16
Q

What is the paediatric maintenance level of water

A

100-120 or 80 to 120 ml/kg/day

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17
Q

Maintenance fluids for large animals

A

80ml/kg/day

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18
Q

Why must fluid intake contain proper concentration of solutes such as sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and proteins

A

To maintain osmotic and oncotic pressure

19
Q

Causes of over hydration

A

Iatrogenic: excessive fluid therapy caused by vets

Endocrine problems

Overconsumption

20
Q

Pathological changes during over hydration

A

Increased blood volume

Decreased oncotic and osmotic pressure

Fluid leaves vessels and enters interstitial space

Decrease in osmotic pressure in interstitial space

Fluid enters cells (can explode)

21
Q

Pathological effects of over hydration

A

Increased demand on heart (increased heart rate, vessels engorge)

Diuresis: increased urine production

Pulmonary hypertension: if significant enough force due to increased pressure at pulmonary vessels, fluid will leak into lungs and pleural space

Cerebral edema and brain compression: fluid build up and swelling of the brain

22
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Increased fluid in lungs

23
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Fluid in pleural space around the lungs

24
Q

Clinical signs of over hydration

A

Increased HR and BP and RR

crackling sounds in lungs

Dyspnea: difficulty breathing

Increased urination

Neurological signs: altered level of consciousness

25
Q

With over hydration, what are patients more at risk for

A

Heart failure

Kidney failure

Liver disease

26
Q

Who is most at risk for over hydration

A

Small animals

27
Q

How to treat over hydration

A

Stop fluids

Diuretics

Correct endocrine condition

28
Q

When does dehydration occur

A

When the body loses more water than it takes in

29
Q

Causes of dehydration

A

Decreased fluid intake: not drinking the proper maintenance levels needed for survival

Water deprivation

Increased losses of water: lactating, athletes, fever, hypertherima, heat, vomiting/diarrhea, renal losses, iatrogenic, hemorrhage

30
Q

True or false

Snow is a good source of water

A

FALSE

31
Q

Dehydration can be a primary condition, from:

A

Lack of water intake, lactation, heat, exercise

32
Q

Dehydration can be a complication from other pathology such as:

A

Kidney disease

Vomiting/diarrhea

33
Q

Why is heart rate increased in dehydration

A

Decreased blood volume, the heart needs to pump faster to get small amount of blood around the body

34
Q

Clinical signs of dehydration

A 
Depressed/lethargic 
Sunken eyes
Cool extremities 
Change in pulse strength 
Decreased BP
Lack of urine 
Lack of tears/saliva
35
Q

Subclincal dehydration

A

Often no signs
<3% dehydrated
Treatment: drink more
Changes occurs in diagnostic testing

36
Q

Mild dehydration

A

3-5% dehydrated

If clinical signs: mucus membrane texture may be questionable, lethargy

Treatment: oral fluids

37
Q

True or false

A patient can be up to 5% dehydrated before they show clinical signs

A

True

38
Q

Moderate dehydration

A

5-8% dehydrated

Signs: weight loss, lethargy, prolonged CRT, tacky mucus membranes, mild skin tent

Treatment: IV fluids

39
Q

Marked dehydration

A

8-10% dehydrated

Signs: weight loss, lethargic to depressed, prolonged CRT, tacky to dry MM, long skin tent, mild tachycardia, sunken look

Treatment: IV fluids and correct electrolytes

40
Q

Severe dehydration

A

10-12% dehydrated

Weight loss, depressed, prolonged CRT, dry MM, long skin tent, sunken eyes, tachycardia, cool extremities

Treatment: IV fluids and organ support

41
Q

Moribund dehydration

A

> 12% dehydrated

The animal is in shock and dying

Shock fluids and possible CPR

42
Q

Deficit volume

A

The volume of fluid that needs to be replaced for the patient to return to normal

43
Q

True or false

The kidneys will receive the greatest effect when body water is decreased

A

True

44
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Increased sodium concentration

Animal Diseases (15 decks)

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