Hydration

Question 1

How much body weight is water in adults

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

How much body weight is water in neonates

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

All of the water in the body is distributed:

__% intercellular fluid
__% extracellular fluid

Answer 3

66%

33%

Question 4

The total portion of blood in the blood vessels at one time is about

Answer 4

5% which is mostly going to or from the kidneys

Question 5

Blood makes up about __% of the animals body weight

Answer 5

10%

Question 6

A decrease in body water results in a decrease blood volume which will cause a

Answer 6

Decrease in blood pressure and a decrease in tissue perfusion

Question 7

If loss of body water continues the next change will happen in the

Answer 7

Interstitial space

Question 8

Signs of water loss in the interstitial space

Answer 8

Loss of moisture in skin
Sunken appearance
Drying of mucus membranes

Question 9

Normovolemia

Answer 9

Adequate body water volume or normal hydration

Question 10

Hypervolemia

Answer 10

Over adequate body hydration

Question 11

Hypovolemia

Answer 11

Under adequate body hydration

Question 12

What are some Measurable losses of body water

Answer 12

Urination 
Secretory functions (sweat, tears, saliva etc)

Question 13

Non-measurable losses of body water

Answer 13

Evaporation from surfaces

During respiration

Question 14

Body water loss is exacerbated by

Answer 14

Heat
Aridity (dry or humid)
Exercise
Fever
Open body cavities 
Pathological processes (vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding)

Question 15

How much water does an adult need to take in

Answer 15

40-60 ml/kg/day

Question 16

What is the paediatric maintenance level of water

Answer 16

100-120 or 80 to 120 ml/kg/day

Question 17

Maintenance fluids for large animals

Answer 17

80ml/kg/day

Question 18

Why must fluid intake contain proper concentration of solutes such as sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and proteins

Answer 18

To maintain osmotic and oncotic pressure

Question 19

Causes of over hydration

Answer 19

Iatrogenic: excessive fluid therapy caused by vets

Endocrine problems

Overconsumption

Question 20

Pathological changes during over hydration

Answer 20

Increased blood volume

Decreased oncotic and osmotic pressure

Fluid leaves vessels and enters interstitial space

Decrease in osmotic pressure in interstitial space

Fluid enters cells (can explode)

Question 21

Pathological effects of over hydration

Answer 21

Increased demand on heart (increased heart rate, vessels engorge)

Diuresis: increased urine production

Pulmonary hypertension: if significant enough force due to increased pressure at pulmonary vessels, fluid will leak into lungs and pleural space

Cerebral edema and brain compression: fluid build up and swelling of the brain

Question 22

Pulmonary edema

Answer 22

Increased fluid in lungs

Question 23

Pleural effusion

Answer 23

Fluid in pleural space around the lungs

Question 24

Clinical signs of over hydration

Answer 24

Increased HR and BP and RR

crackling sounds in lungs

Dyspnea: difficulty breathing

Increased urination

Neurological signs: altered level of consciousness

Question 25

With over hydration, what are patients more at risk for

Answer 25

Heart failure Kidney failure Liver disease

Question 26

Who is most at risk for over hydration

Answer 26

Small animals

Question 27

How to treat over hydration

Answer 27

Stop fluids Diuretics Correct endocrine condition

Question 28

When does dehydration occur

Answer 28

When the body loses more water than it takes in

Question 29

Causes of dehydration

Answer 29

Decreased fluid intake: not drinking the proper maintenance levels needed for survival Water deprivation Increased losses of water: lactating, athletes, fever, hypertherima, heat, vomiting/diarrhea, renal losses, iatrogenic, hemorrhage

Question 30

True or false | Snow is a good source of water

Answer 30

FALSE

Question 31

Dehydration can be a primary condition, from:

Answer 31

Lack of water intake, lactation, heat, exercise

Question 32

Dehydration can be a complication from other pathology such as:

Answer 32

Kidney disease | Vomiting/diarrhea

Question 33

Why is heart rate increased in dehydration

Answer 33

Decreased blood volume, the heart needs to pump faster to get small amount of blood around the body

Question 34

Clinical signs of dehydration

Answer 34

``` Depressed/lethargic Sunken eyes Cool extremities Change in pulse strength Decreased BP Lack of urine Lack of tears/saliva ```

Question 35

Subclincal dehydration

Answer 35

Often no signs <3% dehydrated Treatment: drink more Changes occurs in diagnostic testing

Question 36

Mild dehydration

Answer 36

3-5% dehydrated If clinical signs: mucus membrane texture may be questionable, lethargy Treatment: oral fluids

Question 37

True or false | A patient can be up to 5% dehydrated before they show clinical signs

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Moderate dehydration

Answer 38

5-8% dehydrated Signs: weight loss, lethargy, prolonged CRT, tacky mucus membranes, mild skin tent Treatment: IV fluids

Question 39

Marked dehydration

Answer 39

8-10% dehydrated Signs: weight loss, lethargic to depressed, prolonged CRT, tacky to dry MM, long skin tent, mild tachycardia, sunken look Treatment: IV fluids and correct electrolytes

Question 40

Severe dehydration

Answer 40

10-12% dehydrated Weight loss, depressed, prolonged CRT, dry MM, long skin tent, sunken eyes, tachycardia, cool extremities Treatment: IV fluids and organ support

Question 41

Moribund dehydration

Answer 41

>12% dehydrated The animal is in shock and dying Shock fluids and possible CPR

Question 42

Deficit volume

Answer 42

The volume of fluid that needs to be replaced for the patient to return to normal

Question 43

True or false | The kidneys will receive the greatest effect when body water is decreased

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Hypernatremia

Answer 44

Increased sodium concentration