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Animal Diseases > Blood Loss And Anemia > Flashcards

Blood Loss And Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define blood loss and give the lay term

A

Loss of actual fluid volume from the vessels

Bleeding

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2
Q

What is the most recognized cause of blood loss

A

Traumatic injury which results in the shearing of blood vessels

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3
Q

What are some other causes of blood loss

A

Inability to clot
Toxins
Cancers
Iatrogenic causes from surgery or collection

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4
Q

What are the 5 steps in the immediate response to blood loss

A
  1. Identify origin
  2. Apply pressure
  3. Assess degree of blood loss (pulse, arrythmia, MM, lethargic, consciousness)
  4. Place IV catheter to prevent vessels collapsing and support BP
  5. Transfusions

Keep in mind internal blood loss would be different and not be able to see the blood loss

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5
Q

What can placing an IV in anemic patients cause

A

A decrease in PCV value, this is normal

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6
Q

What is anemia

A

A decrease in the number of red blood cells (can result from blood loss)

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7
Q

True or false

You can have a normal blood volume but a decreased number of RBCs

A

True

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8
Q

True or false

Anemia is a disease

A

FALSE

it is a clinical finding

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9
Q

What are some common causes of anemia

A

Bone marrow suppression/defect

Iron deficiency anemia

Chronic renal disease

Oxidative injury (tylenol, onions, garlic, zinc toxicity)

Infectious anemia from parasites

Infectious anemia from viral infections (FeLV)

External/internal blood loss

Immune-mediated anemia

Neonatal immune-mediated anemia

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10
Q

Why does chronic renal disease cause anemia

A

The kidneys make erythropoeitin -a hormone that turns on the RBC production

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11
Q

What is melena

A

Digested blood in the stool (black tarry blood)

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12
Q

What is hematochezia

A

Frank blood in stool (fresh blood) obvisously visible

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13
Q

What is hematemesis

A

Blood in vomit

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14
Q

What happens with immune mediated anemia

A

The immune system attacks RBCs

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15
Q

What happens with neonatal immune mediated anemia

A

Maternal immune system from colostrum makes antibodies that attack the newborns’ RBCs

Common in foals and kittens

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16
Q

What are the consequences of blood Loss and anemia

A

Lack of oxygen carried to tissues (hypoxia)

Build up of CO2 will result in acidosis

Lack of blood flow to tissues (ischemia)

Hypotension (affects tissue and organ perfusion)

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17
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with just anemia

A

Pale/white mucus membranes

Icterus (jaundice) with RBC destruction while in the vessels (in MM, sclera, ears)

Tachycardia (less common murmurs)

Tachypenic (breathing fast)

Lethargy, weakness, exercise intolerance

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18
Q

What are some additional signs to anemia when there is EXTERNAL blood loss

A

Frank blood loss

Melena (digested blood in feces is black and tarry)

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19
Q

What are some additional signs to anemia when there is INTERNAL blood loss

A

Swelling of abdomen or SQ

Problems breathing (if in pleural space)

Hematoma in SQ

may only see on radiographs or ultrasounds

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20
Q

What are the general clinical signs of blood loss with anemia

A

Decreased blood pressure and decreased pulse strength (can hear a heart murmur because of thin blood)

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21
Q

What are some diagnostic tests for blood loss/anemia

A

CBC: blood count/components in blood

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22
Q

What are the results of the CBC test for blood loss and anemia

A

Anemia: there will be a decreased in RBCs ONLY -not affect to WBCs and platelets

Blood loss: there will be decreased RBCs, platelets and WBCs

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23
Q

True or false

Animals are considered anemic if blood loss is significant

A

True

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24
Q

True or false

You have to have had blood loss to be considered anemic

A

FALSE

you can be anemic for other reasons

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25
Q

In a PCV test (packed cell volume) in a hematocrit tube, what may be seen if RBCs have ruptured

A

Plasma may be red instead of yellow

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26
Q

What is chronic blood loss

A

Animal can tolerate blood loss when it is SLOW because the animal is able to reabsorb the blood (auto transfuse) internal blood loss

They are able to decrease rate of tissue metabolism so less O2 and nutrients are needed, heart rate will increase and blood vessels will constrict

27
Q

When does chronic blood loss become emergencies and require a transfusion

A

When the PCV test is less than 16%

28
Q

What is acute blood loss

A

Animal has less time to adjust to less oxygen and nutrients being delivered

29
Q

When does acute blood loss become emergencies and requires a transfusion

A

When the PCV test is less that 21%

30
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of blood loss

A

Chronic loss has a better prognosis

depends on underlying cause, if blood loss can be stopped, whether the volume or RBCs are replaced

31
Q

A PCV test with less than 16% requires what

A

A transfusion

32
Q

How is anemia treated

A

Transfusions

33
Q

When are transfusions needed

A 
Trauma 
immune mediated anemia 
Parvovirus 
Rodenticide toxicity
Splenic surgeries
34
Q

What is a normal PCV test result

A

35-50 %

35
Q

What is an animal’s blood type determined by

A

Proteins on the surface of RBCs called blood group antigens

36
Q

An individulas blood type is determined by which ___they express

A

Blood surface antigen

37
Q

What blood types do cats have

A

A
B
AB

38
Q

What is the most common blood type of 95% cats in America

A

Type A

39
Q

Greater than 85% of ____ are universal blood donors because they dont express any of the major blood group antigens

A

Grey hounds

40
Q

What is a transfusion reaction

A

When blood given does not match the recipient and it initiates an immune response and destruction of the foreign RBCs

41
Q

What are alloantibodies

A

Antibodies that certain species have that recognize foreign blood group antigens. When foreign blood enters these antibodies attack and destroy the RBCs

42
Q

True or false

Cats have alloantibodies

A

TRUE

43
Q

Blood type B is more common in

A

Persians

Himalayans

Devon

Cornish rex breeds

44
Q

How do some species such as dogs, horses, and cattle produce antibodies to a foreign blood group antigen

A

The immune system must be exposed to another blood type

45
Q

How long does it take to produce antibodies after the first exposure

A

1-2 weeks

46
Q

When are some examples of when you could possibly be exposured to another blood type

A

Transfusions

Pregnancy

Birth

47
Q

True or false

Cats have a universal blood type

A

FALSE

48
Q

Why can dogs have one free transfusion

A

Because they do not have alloantibodies to reject blood if it does not match, it will take up to 1-2 weeks to respond

49
Q

When is the “one free transfusion” not a thing

A

If the patient has previously recieved a blood transfusion or has been pregnant

50
Q

Define blood typing

A

Identifying an animals blood group antigens

51
Q

Define blood matching

A

Ensuring the donor and recipient are compatible for a blood transfusion

52
Q

Define major cross-match

A

Ensure that the recipient will not reject the donors blood

53
Q

Define minor cross match

A

Ensuring that the donors serum does not contain alloantibodies that may damage the recipients RBCs

54
Q

After an initial blood transfusion, another blood transfusion with the same blood can be given within ____ hours, after that the risk is considered to be too great

A

24 hours

55
Q

RBCs given in a transfusion will slowly die off, once RBCs leave bone marrow their life span is ____ days

A

110 days

56
Q

After a transfusion, before RBCs start to die what must happen

A

Patient must start making their own RBCs again
Or
Another transfusion will be needed

57
Q

Whole blood can be stored for

A

28 days at 4 degrees celcius

58
Q

After the 28 days, whole blood can be centrifuged to remove ___ and then stored at ____

A

Remove plasma and then store at -20 degrees celcius

59
Q

What does plasma contain

A

Albumin
Antibodies
Clotting factors
Fibrin

60
Q

True or false

Blood transfusions are a type of tissue graft

A

True

61
Q

What is Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis
AKA fading kitten syndrome
Also seen in foals

A

RBC destruction resulting in anemia

Immune mediated disease (immune system destroys RBCs)

62
Q

What is fading kitten syndrome caused by

A

Breeding a type B queen with a type A tom

63
Q

Describe what happens when you breed Type B cat with a Type A cat

A

Type B has alloantibodies to type A

With pregnancy, placenta prevents queens antibodies from entering the kittens, pathology occurs with nursing

Antibodies from colostrum are absorbed by kitten and they start to attack the kitten’s RBCs

64
Q

How do you treat and prevent fading kitten syndrome

A

Avoid breeding combination blood types

Prevent kitten from nursing

Give blood transfusion

Animal Diseases (15 decks)

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