Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Diseases > Clotting Disorders > Flashcards

Clotting Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemostasis

A

Clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anti-coagulation

A

Un clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false

There is always hemostasis and anticoagulation happening in the blood

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Excess hemostasis can cause formation of thrombi, what are these?

A

Blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lack of hemostasis or excess anticoagulation can result in

A

Spontaneous bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Abnormal hemostasis is common in___ and rare in __ and ___

A

Common in Dogs

Rare cats and horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors influence clotting

A

Platelets
Clotting factors
Fibrin
Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is vitamin K important in clotting

A

Important for the function of many clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is external blood loss

A

Blood lost to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the treatment for severe external blood loss

A

Replacement by transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for mild external blood loss

A

None, the body can regenerate it themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is internal blood loss

A

Bleeding into the third spaces (abdominal cavity, pleural space, SQ space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does bleeding into the pleural space cause

A

Respiratory distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does bleeding into the SQ spaces cause

A

Common in the ventral neck and abdomen, and causes swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is autotransfusion

A

With internal Blood loss, vessels reabsorb blood

Signs may not be noticeable if absorption is faster or at equal rate to the bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a hematoma

A

Localized accumulation of blood outside the blood vessles (clotted)

Ex. Bruises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a petechial hemorrhage

A

Red pin points on the mucus membranes caused by spontaneous bleeding from capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If blood loss is significant enough, what clinical signs will the patient show

A

Signs associated with anemia (pale/white MM, weakness, lethargy, low mentation, collapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical signs of blood loss depends on

A

Rate of blood loss

If loss is internal or external

If pathology is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment of blood loss in general involves

A

Stopping external blood loss

Replacing any lost blood

Correcting underlying causes/problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

A disease that is always secondary to severe systemic pathology (infections, heat stroke, burns, neoplasia) that causes a state of hyper-coagulation

Will also see petechial hemorrhages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the acronym for disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

DIC: Death Is Coming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is disseminated intravascular coagulation dangerous

A

The petechial hemorrhages form microscopic clots in the blood vessels, this uses all of the fibrin and clotting factors so the animal can no longer clot , and they start to bleed out internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you treat DIC

A

Blood or plasma transfusions

Treat primary problem (infection, heat stroke, burns, neoplasia etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the prognosis for DIC

A

VERY POOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is prognosis for DIC so low

A

Thrombi can obstruct blood flow to organs

Hemorrhages

Haemolytic anemia by shearing of RBCs by fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Signs of DIC

A

Depends on primary cause

Abdominal pain and distension, fever, petechial hemorrhages, ischemia, hard breathing, wounds wont clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is rodenticide poisoning

A

Poisoning by ingestion of Warfarin,

sweet clover, or dicumarol (LA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What should you do when you get a call about incoming case of rodenticide poisoning

A

Ask the owner to bring the package

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the prognosis for older generation of poisons (warfarin) and why

A

Has a shorter half life (<55hrs)

Will eventually degrade

Better prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the prognosis for newer generation of poisons and why

A

Majority of the rodenticides these days

Half life of 15-21 days

Considered irreversible

Very poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the pathology of rodenticide poisoning

A

Rodenticides deplete Vitamin K from the body (an essential cofator for clotting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How fast does bleeding occur after rodenticide poisoning causes vitamin K deficiency

A

Can take up to 2 weeks for clinical sign to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the range of bleeding severity with rodenticide poisoning

A

Increased risk of bleeding out with trauma
To
Spontaneous hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning

A

Hematomas or bleeding that is disproportionate to the trauma experienced

Spontaneous hematomas

Spontaneous bleeding into lungs or abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the treatment of rodenticide poisoning

A

Induce vomitting if <2 hours

Vitamin K1 therapy (first dose injection, then oral supplementation)

Avoid trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the prognosis of rodenticide poisoning overall

A

The earlier the treatment the better the prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How long do you need to treat depending on what type of rodentocide

A

1-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is used for treatment of rodenticide treatment

Vitamin K1 or K3

A

K1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why do you need to be careful when taking blood from rodenticide poisoning patients

A

They dont have clotting factors to stop the bleed

Never take from the jugular veins

41
Q

What is aspirin toxicity usually from

A

Clients giving patients aspirin

42
Q

Why is aspirin toxicity dangerous

A

Aspirin inhibits an enzyme required for platelets to stick together and therefore the body cannot clot

43
Q

Is inhibition by aspirin toxicity reversible or not?

A

No, it is considered irreversible

44
Q

What must happen because aspirin toxicty is irreversible

A

The body must regenerate platelets to replace the non fucntional ones

45
Q

How long does it take for aspirin toxicity to wear off

A

21 days

46
Q

What can aspirin also cause beside lack of clotting

A

Renal damage

GI ulcers

Liver damage

47
Q

With vasodilation (like with inflammation) what happens to the fluid volume and blood pressure

A

Fluid volume stays the same but blood pressure decreases

48
Q

In the case of vasoconstriction, what happens to fluid volume and blood pressure

A

Fluid volume stays the same and blood pressure increases

49
Q

Blockages in blood vessels can occur from

A

Foreign bodies

Clot formation

50
Q

What are some examples of vascular accidents/damage

A

Scratches to the endothelium, punctures, rupture, tears or aneurysms

51
Q

What is the normal blood pressure for SA and horses

A

120/80 with a median of 90

52
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

The pressure inside vessels based on the concentration of electrolytes inside the vessel and in the extracellular fluid

53
Q

The walls of blood vessels are ____ allowing water to move into compartments with lower concentrations of ___

A

Semi permeable

Sodium

54
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

Pressure in the vessels based on the amount of soluble proteins in the vessels

55
Q

What is the most important protein in the blood vessels

A

Albumin

56
Q

How does albumin help keep water inside the vessels

A

Because it is too large to move across the blood vessel membrane, so it must stay inside the vessels, keeping water in the vessel as well (along with other large proteins)

57
Q

What happens when the concentration of albumin or “total proteins” in the plasma are low

A

Oncotic pressure in the vessels drop and causes less water to be retained in the vessels

58
Q

How do colloids work?

A

Act like albumin to increase intravascular oncotic pressure and draw in water to increase blood pressure

59
Q

What is hypertension

AKA high blood pressure

A

When systolic pressure is >180mmHg

60
Q

What are the two underlying causes of hypertension

A

May be physiological or pathological

61
Q

What is the physiological cause of hypertension

A

Activation of the sympathetic nervous response (vasconstriction of vessels in the skin and GI tract) moves blood to the heart, lungs, muscles, and brain and increases overall systemic blood pressure

62
Q

What are the pathological causes of hypertension

A

No underlying cause, often secondary to a cause

due to baroreceptor dysfunction (blood pressure receptor) which causes vasoconstriction

Or

Due to the inability of the blood vessels to dilate

63
Q

Primary high blood pressure is mainly ___ in vet medicine

A

Uncommon

64
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the blood vessels

65
Q

What are some diseases that can cause high blood pressure

A

Hyperthyroidism
Heart failure
Kidney failure
Conditions with excess body water (overload)
Adrenal gland disease that results in over production of adrenaline (causes sympathetic response)

66
Q

What happens in the body with hypertension

A

Strains the heart

Causes fluid to move out of the blood vessels into the extravascular space

67
Q

Where does hypertension cause fluid to move out of vessels the most

A

In areas with the least pressure (lungs and abdomen)

68
Q

What happens in the lungs with hypertension

A

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

pushes fluids from the vessels into the lungs

Causes pulmonary edema (if it reaches the alveoli)

Causes plural effusion (if it reaches space around the lungs)

69
Q

What happens in the abdomen with hypertension

A

ASCITES

Extra fluid in the abdominal space

Increases risks for aneurysms

Exacerbates injuries/trauma

Pressure in the retinal vessels

70
Q

What can Pressure in the retinal vessels lead to

A

Sudden blindness, especially in cats

71
Q

What is hypotension

A

Low blood pressure

Systolic pressure below 90

72
Q

True or false

Hypotension is a primary condition

A

False

It is always secondary

73
Q

What are some causes of secondary hypotension

A

Improper heart function

Dehydration

Bleeding

Vasodilation (head trauma, illnesses, inflammation (systemic or local))

Iatrogenic causes (anesthesia, or too much blood collected)

74
Q

Hypotension may not be noticed with ____ inflammation

A

Local

75
Q

Hypotension caused by systemic inflammation (like shock) can causes all blood vessels to

A

Dilate

76
Q

What does hypotension do to the kidneys

A

Decrease in blood flow to the kidneys causes damage (happens the fastest)

77
Q

What does hypotension do to the brain

A

Decreased blood flow results in decreased brain functions and may cause death

78
Q

What does hypotension do to muscles

A

Decreased blood flow causes acidosis (increased lactic acid), muscle weakness and decreased heart function

79
Q

What is treatment of hypotension based on

A

Treating the underlying issue; vasodilation, the heart issues, replacing the body water

80
Q

What does anaphylaxis cause

A

Hypotension which causes an increased heart rate

81
Q

What are some compensation mechanisms of the body that deals with hypotension

A

If the heart is not functioning well the body will constrict blood vessels

If there is a lack in blood volume the heart will be faster and/or vessels will constrict

If there is a problem with vasodilation the heart will be faster

82
Q

The goal of compensation is to work with heart ___, blood vessel ___ and body water ____ to maintain certain blood pressures

A

Heart rate
Blood vessel size
Body water volume

83
Q

What is a thrombus

A

A stationary blood clot in blood vessels formed from platelets, fibrin and clotting factors

Produced in the blood vessels, forms in one spot and grows

84
Q

What are thrombi usually triggered by

A

Damage to the walls of the vessels (vascular epithelium)

Decreased blood flow

85
Q

What can damage to the vascular epithelium be from

A

Infection

Inflammation/trauma

Iatrogenic causes (IV catheters, drugs)

86
Q

What can cause decresed blood flow

A

Diseased heart valves

Increased number of RBCs causing increased blood viscosity (thicker) which slows down the flow rate

87
Q

What does the severity of a thrombus depend on

A

Location

Species

Underlying disease

88
Q

Where do thrombi most commonly occur

A

In veins at the valves (where there is lower pressure)

89
Q

Thrombi can ___ vessles causing ___

A

Occlude vessels causing ischemia (lack of blood flow)

90
Q

What is an embolus AKA thromboembulus

A

When a thrombus or a piece of thrombus dislodges from its original location and attaches somewhere else

OR

can be a piece of foreign material

91
Q

Where do emboli/thromboemboli usually occur

A

Where vessels branch or in capillaries

92
Q

What are some examples of thromboemboli

A

The tip of a catheter

Piece of heart worm

93
Q

What does the disease, signs and prognosis of a thromboemboli usally depend on

A

Which vessel is be obstructed

94
Q

What is HCM

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Excessive overgrowth of the heart muscles (affects ventricular volume)

95
Q

What are cats with HCM at high risk for

A

Thromboembolic disease (Saddle Thrombus)

96
Q

Describe the pathology of saddle thrombus in cats with HCM

A

Because of the disturbance in blood flow it increases the risk of thrombi forming, when it dislodges, it can enter the aorta and lodge in the iliac artery which blocks blood flow to the iliac and femoral arteries

Often block vessels where they branch (get more narrow)

97
Q

What do cats with a saddle thrombus present with

A 
Extreme pain
Paralysis 
Cold hind limbs + loss of color 
Almost always have HCM 
No pulse in the hind limbs
Can be acidotic 
Can causes necrosis
98
Q

What is the treatment for a saddle thrombus

A

Blood thinners

But often euthanasia because treatment is so risky

99
Q

What is the prognosis for a saddle thrombus

A

Very poor

Could lodge in the coronary arteries and cut off blood flow to the heart or the brain

Always treat as an emergency

Animal Diseases (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions