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BIO 258 > thermal physiology > Flashcards

thermal physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the rate enhancing and destructive effects of increasing temperature

A

rate enhancing - kinetic energy of molecules
destructive - denaturing

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1
Q

what re the 2 equations for temperature quotient

A

Q10 = rate at T / (rate at T - 10)

Q10 = (k2 / k1) ^ (10 / (t2 - t1))
where k = rate and t = time

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2
Q

what is the equation for logQ10

A

(logk2 - logk1) * (10 / (t2 - t1))

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of classifying thermo-regulation stratergies

A

based on the source of body heat (ecto and endo therms)
based on the stability of body temperature (poikilothermy and homeothermy)

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3
Q

what are ectotherms

A

body temp dependent on heat transfer from / to environment

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4
Q

what are endotherms

A

body temp dependent on internal (metabolic) sources of heat

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5
Q

what is poikilothermy

A

body temp varies with environment

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6
Q

what is homeothermy

A

body temp maintained within narrow range

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7
Q

are most ectotherms poikilotherms or homeotherms

A

poikilotherms

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8
Q

how can homeotherms control their temperature

A

behaviourally

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9
Q

name a common regulatory ectotherm (homeotherm)

A

lizards

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10
Q

what behaviour can homeotherms engage in to increase temperature

A

basking

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11
Q

what is the role of the capillaries in controlling temperature of homeotherms

A

vasoconstriction - constriction of capillaries to reduce heat loss
vasodilation - more blood to external capillaries encourages heat loss to environment

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12
Q

how is the phospholipid membrane affected by temperature change

A

too viscous when too cold and too fluid when too warm

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13
Q

what is the name of the adaptation to combat phospholipid membranes being impacted by temperature change and what does it involve

A

homeoviscous adaptation to saturate and desaturate lipids in the membrane

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14
Q

what advantage do unsaturated phospholipids provide

A

membrane can’t pack as tightly, making it more fluid

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15
Q

what would a warm adapted animals phospholipid membrane look like

A

have more saturated fatty acids and cholesterol for stability - giving the membrane more rigidity

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16
Q

reference for homeoviscous adaptation

A

fly experiment - Cooper et al, 2012

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17
Q

what animal was used to demonstrate seasonal enzyme activity

A

alligator

18
Q

what happens to metabolic enzyme activity when colder

A

metabolic rate decreases when cold causing compensatory increase in enzyme activity

19
Q

what proteins offers thermal protection

A

heat shock proteins

20
Q

what are the main heat shock proteins

A

Hsp40, 70 ans 90

20
Q

what is the role of heat shock proteins

A

re-fold damaged proteins

21
Q

reference for freeze-tolerance

A

wood frog in Alaska - Larson et al. 2014

21
Q

give an example of animals which use freeze-avoidance

A

polar fish and invertebrates

21
Q

what allows the wood frog to be freeze-tolerant

A

glucose and urea are effective cryo-protectants allowing the frog to be completely frozen and immobile

22
Q

how does freeze-avoidance work

A

anti-freeze glycoproteins prevent uncontrollable ice crystal growth

23
Q

advantage and disadvantage of endothermy

A

adv - high constant metabolic rate
dis - high energetic cost

24
Q

what is special about endothermy evolution

A

independently evolved in mammals, birds and other taxa

25
Q

do birds or mammals have higher body temperature and why

A

birds are higher due to energy expensive flying making it easier to be warm than cool down

25
Q

3 ways endotherms gain external heat

A

basking,
migration / movement
increase absorbance e.g. being darker in colour, fur and feathers

26
Q

give an example of an animal which uses migration to stay warm

A

humpback whale moving from the North in summer and moving down to warmer climates in winter to rear offspring

27
Q

3 ways endotherms retain internal heat

A

vasoconstriction,
insulation,
counter-current exchange

28
Q

give 2 examples of insulation

A

anatomical - increased fat and fur
behavioural - huddling and burrows

29
Q

give another name for counter-current exchange

A

rete mirabile

30
Q

how does counter-current exchange work

A

counter-current flow of veinal and arterial blood
arterial blood flows close to vein blood, heat transferred to returning vein blood

31
Q

3 ways endotherms can generate more internal heat

A

higher base metabolic rate,
muscular activity e.g. shivering,
non-shivering thermogenesis

32
Q

what is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in mammals and birds

A

brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mammals
white muscle in birds

33
Q

how does non-shivering thermogenesis work

A

breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids
interact with uncoupling protein 1 causing mitochondria to directly produce heat instead of ATP

34
Q

5 ways to reduce excess heat

A

reduce insulation e.g. shed fur,
vasodilation,
evaporation e.g. sweating or panting,
counter-current exchange,
avoidance

35
Q

give an example of counter-current exchange to remove excess heat

A

gazelles cool arterial blood going to the brain

36
Q

what are heterotherms

A

generate internal heat but have variable body temperature

37
Q

give an example of a heterotherm and how it uses counter-current exchange

A

tuna - preserves warmth in aerobic swimming muscles usingn counter-current rete system

38
Q

give an example of a temporal heterotherm

A

deer mouse

39
Q

what happens in temporal heterothermy

A

daily torpor - high body temperature and metabolic rate when active, drops when not

40
Q

what general trends are occuring as a result of climate change

A

smaller body size,
shifts in timing of reproduction,
changes in species distribution

41
Q

what are 2 constraints of adapting to climate change

A

energetic trade-offs e.g. reproductive fitness and immunity
reduced capacity to tolerate other environmental stressors e.g. pathogens and pollution

BIO 258 (15 decks)

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