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BIO 258 > reproductive physiology > Flashcards

reproductive physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

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2
Q

3 ways coral can reproduce

A

asexual (budding),
fragmentation,
sexual (gametes mix forming planulae)

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3
Q

what is oviparous

A

producing eggs - nutrition comes from within egg

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4
Q

what is ovoviviparous

A

lays eggs but retained inside body, providing extra protection

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5
Q

what does genetic sex determination (GSD) mean

A

having sex chromosomes

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5
Q

what is viviparous

A

embryo carried within mother, receives nutrients from mother

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6
Q

what chromosomes are found in humans

A

XX / XY

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7
Q

where is the code for male development in humans

A

on the Y chromosome

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8
Q

where is the code for male development in heterogametic female GSD (ZZ / ZW)

A

code is on Z chromosome but is recessive so only homogametic male (ZZ) has both copies and develops male characteristics

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9
Q

what is another way in which sex can be determined

A

environmentally - temperature and stress

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10
Q

what is the production of male gametes called

A

spermatogenesis

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11
Q

what is the synthesis of sex steroids called

A

steroidogenesis

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12
Q

2 gonadotrophic hormones

A

luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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13
Q

what are sertoli cells

A

somatic ‘nurse’ cells within seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

where are leydig cells found and what is their purpose

A

within interstitial tissue
secrete androgens

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15
Q

what animals carry out cystic spermatogenesis

A

fish, amphibians, invertebrates

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16
Q

what is the benefit of cystic spermatogenesis

A

high amount of sperm released at one time

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17
Q

what animals use non-cystic spermatogenesis

A

mammals, reptiles and birds

18
Q

what is the purpose of the reproductive ducts

A

store, concentrate and increase fertility of sperm

19
Q

3 accessory glands in males

A

seminal vesicles,
prostate gland,
bulbourethral gland

20
Q

what is the production of eggs called

A

oogenesis

21
Q

what is the structure for storing sperm in insects called

A

spermatheca

22
Q

are the ovaries always in pairs

A

yes, but structurally diverse

23
Q

what happens to the lining of the uterus in a mouse

A

reabsorbed not shed

23
Q

what is true of the cycle length in smaller animals

A

faster cycles

23
Q

what makes up the primordial follicle

A

primary oocytes and surrounding granulosa cells

23
Q

when the primary oocyte divides, what is created and what happens to them

A

first polar body containing other half of genetic material rapidly degrades
secondary oocyte receives all of cytoplasm and nutrients, goes on to be fertilised

24
Q

what is triggered in the secondary oocyte when fertilisation occurs

A

secondary meiotic division, producing a second polar body which degenerates and a mature fertilised ovum

24
Q

why does oestrogen continue to be excreted if the egg is fertilised

A

maintain uterus lining

25
Q

what is secreted in the luteal phase

A

lots of progesterone and some oestrogen

25
Q

what occurs during the follicular phase

A

follicles mature

25
Q

what is the role of granulosa and thecal cells in the follicular phase

A

granulosa - deliver nutrients
thecal - secrete oestrogens

26
Q

what receptors to sperm bind to at the egg

A

ZP3 receptors

27
Q

what enzymes digest ZP and why

A

acrosomal enzymes digest ZP allowing sperm to pass through into ovum cytoplasm

28
Q

what is released when sperm and egg fuse

A

calcium

29
Q

how long after fertilisation does the blastocyst implant

A

6 days

30
Q

what cells facilitate implantation

A

trophoblastic cells on outer layer of blastocyst

31
Q

what is the role of the placenta

A

facilitate exchange between maternal and foetal blood
nutrient delivery and waste excretion

32
Q

what is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblastic and decidual tissue

33
Q

what 3 hormones regulate oviparous oogenesis

A

LH, FSH and oestrogens

34
Q

what is the name for the egg yolk precursor protein

A

vitellogenin

35
Q

where is vitllogenin synthesised and what hormone controls it

A

synthesised in liver or body fat
under oestrogen control

35
Q

what hormone is responsible for final maturation and spawning in oviparous oogenesis

A

LH

BIO 258 (15 decks)

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