reproductive physiology Flashcards by Ella Elston

types of reproduction

asexual and sexual

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3 ways coral can reproduce

asexual (budding),
fragmentation,
sexual (gametes mix forming planulae)

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what is oviparous

producing eggs - nutrition comes from within egg

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what is ovoviviparous

lays eggs but retained inside body, providing extra protection

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what does genetic sex determination (GSD) mean

having sex chromosomes

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what is viviparous

embryo carried within mother, receives nutrients from mother

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what chromosomes are found in humans

XX / XY

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where is the code for male development in humans

on the Y chromosome

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where is the code for male development in heterogametic female GSD (ZZ / ZW)

code is on Z chromosome but is recessive so only homogametic male (ZZ) has both copies and develops male characteristics

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what is another way in which sex can be determined

environmentally - temperature and stress

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what is the production of male gametes called

spermatogenesis

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what is the synthesis of sex steroids called

steroidogenesis

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2 gonadotrophic hormones

luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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what are sertoli cells

somatic ‘nurse’ cells within seminiferous tubules

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where are leydig cells found and what is their purpose

within interstitial tissue
secrete androgens

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what animals carry out cystic spermatogenesis

fish, amphibians, invertebrates

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what is the benefit of cystic spermatogenesis

high amount of sperm released at one time

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what animals use non-cystic spermatogenesis

mammals, reptiles and birds

what is the purpose of the reproductive ducts

store, concentrate and increase fertility of sperm

3 accessory glands in males

seminal vesicles,
prostate gland,
bulbourethral gland

what is the production of eggs called

oogenesis

what is the structure for storing sperm in insects called

spermatheca

are the ovaries always in pairs

yes, but structurally diverse

what happens to the lining of the uterus in a mouse

reabsorbed not shed

what is true of the cycle length in smaller animals

faster cycles

what makes up the primordial follicle

primary oocytes and surrounding granulosa cells

when the primary oocyte divides, what is created and what happens to them

first polar body containing other half of genetic material rapidly degrades secondary oocyte receives all of cytoplasm and nutrients, goes on to be fertilised

what is triggered in the secondary oocyte when fertilisation occurs

secondary meiotic division, producing a second polar body which degenerates and a mature fertilised ovum

why does oestrogen continue to be excreted if the egg is fertilised

maintain uterus lining

what is secreted in the luteal phase

lots of progesterone and some oestrogen

what occurs during the follicular phase

follicles mature

what is the role of granulosa and thecal cells in the follicular phase

granulosa - deliver nutrients thecal - secrete oestrogens

what receptors to sperm bind to at the egg

ZP3 receptors

what enzymes digest ZP and why

acrosomal enzymes digest ZP allowing sperm to pass through into ovum cytoplasm

what is released when sperm and egg fuse

calcium

how long after fertilisation does the blastocyst implant

6 days

what cells facilitate implantation

trophoblastic cells on outer layer of blastocyst

what is the role of the placenta

facilitate exchange between maternal and foetal blood nutrient delivery and waste excretion

what is the placenta derived from

trophoblastic and decidual tissue

what 3 hormones regulate oviparous oogenesis

LH, FSH and oestrogens

what is the name for the egg yolk precursor protein

vitellogenin

where is vitllogenin synthesised and what hormone controls it

synthesised in liver or body fat under oestrogen control

what hormone is responsible for final maturation and spawning in oviparous oogenesis