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BIO 258 > osmoregulation and excretion > Flashcards

osmoregulation and excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

*

what is excretion

A

elimination of cellular metabolic waste

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2
Q

what is the goal of excretion

A

removal of toxic by products and for osmoregulation

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3
Q

what are the products of protein and nucleic acid metabolism

A

nitrogenous waste (toxic)

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4
Q

what are 3 nitrogenous waste products from most to least toxic

A

ammonia / ammonotelic
urea / ureotelic
uric acid / uricotelic

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5
Q

what animals secrete ammonia

A

aquatic invertebrates and teleosts

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6
Q

what animals secrete urea

A

mammals, amphibians, cartilagous fish

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7
Q

what animals secrete uric acid

A

birds, insects and reptiles

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8
Q

how is ammonia secreted

A

as gas and mainly excreted passively across gill membrane
some can also be exchanged across gill membrane with sodium-potassium pump

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9
Q

what are the results of ammonia accumulation

A

nervous system toxicity

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10
Q

what animals use high amounts of ammonia beneficially and how is it used

A

some shrimp and squid use it in their coelomic cavities to control buoyancy

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11
Q

3 adaptations for urea retention

A

very low urine flow rates,
active reabsorption by kidney,
urea tolerance

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12
Q

where is urea synthesised and excreted

A

synthesised in liver
excreted via kidneys

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13
Q

name a specific animal that excretes uric acid and why

A

kangaroo rat - to conserve water

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14
Q

why do birds and reptiles secrete uric acid

A

prevents toxicity in eggs

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15
Q

what type of feedback system manages urine production

A

negative feedback system

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16
Q

what are the 2 portions of the kidney

A

medulla (central) and cortex

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17
Q

what is the kidney made up of

A

nephrons

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18
Q

what happens at the glomerulus

A

filters small solutes from blood

19
Q

how does filtration work within the Bowans capsule

A

arteriole blood pressure forces water, salts, urea and other solutes out into the space within the Bowmans capsule

20
Q

what happens in the descending loop of Henle

A

aquaproins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
water permeable, ion impermeable

21
Q

what happens in the ascending loop of Henle

A

Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed from filtrate into interstitial fluid
water impermeable, ion permeable

22
Q

what is the role of the distal tube

A

selectively secrett and absorb ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

23
Q

what is the osmolarity of the kidney and how does it change towards the medulla

A

cortex is iso-osmotic with blood
gets more salty as you move through the medulla

24
Q

where in the kidney is the loop of Henle found

A

descending down into the medulla

25
Q

what type of exchange is occuring in the loop of Henle

A

countercurrent exchange

26
Q

what is the role of antidiuretic hormone

A

increase permeability by adding aquaporins to the distal tubule and collecting duct
reduce blood flow to body’s extremities

27
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) secrete

A

rennin

28
Q

what 2 hormones in the renin-angiotensin system increase Na+ and water reabsorption

A

angiotensin and aldosterone

29
Q

how do you calculate pH

A

pH = log(1/[H+])

30
Q

what is the pH of pure water at 37C

A

6.81

31
Q

what is the pH of mammalian blood at 37C

A

7.4

32
Q

3 mechanisms for pH regulation

A

cellular buffering,
respiration,
renal excretion

33
Q

what 2 molecules can be used in pH regulation in the kidney

A

H+ and HCO3-

34
Q

are smaller or larger animals able to produce more concentrated urine

A

smaller

35
Q

what is the difference in kidney structure found in animals who need to conserve water

A

longer loop of Henle
thin cortex and large thick medulla

36
Q

what do insects excrete

A

uric acid

37
Q

what special strcuture has developed in insects for excretion

A

malpighian tubules

38
Q

what are malpighian tubules

A

closed projections which move around freely in the animal, constantly exposed to fresh medium

39
Q

what is the role of malpighian tubules

A

reabsorb salts, water and waste from haemolymph via active transport

40
Q

how are the malpighian tubules emptied

A

movement of animal empties tubules into hind gut for excretion

41
Q

detail steps that are carried out by the malpighian tubule

A

active transport of Na+, K+ and H+ into lumen
creates electrochemical gradient driving secondary transport of water and small solutes via osmosis

42
Q

what occurs in the insect gut

A

active ion transport (Na+ / K+ ATPase) back into haemolymph
water and solutes recycles

43
Q

how is uric acid excreted in insects

A

crystals in the faeces

BIO 258 (15 decks)

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