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BIO 258 > skeletal and muscular physiology > Flashcards

skeletal and muscular physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

locomotion,
external mechanical work,
structural support,
movement through vessels,
heat production (shivering)

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2
Q

what are the 3 muscle types and which of these is involuntary

A

skeletal - voluntary,
cardiac - involuntary,
smooth - involuntary

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3
Q

which of the 3 muscles are unstriated

A

smooth is unstriated
cardiac and skeletal are both striated

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4
Q

what is the structure of a striated muscle

A

muscle fibres (single cell) are grouped into bundles of muscle fibre called myofibril (has striation)
myofibrils are bundled in to muscle fibre

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5
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

interlocking thick myosin and thin actin filaments

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6
Q

what is at the start and end of each adjacent sarcomere

A

Z line

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7
Q

what are the thin filaments made up of

A

monomeric units of globular actin (G-actin) polymerised to form actin helix (F-actin)

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8
Q

the actin helix is wrapped by 2 types of molecules, what are they and what is their shape

A

tropomyosin - filamentous protein
troponin - globular short comlplexes

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9
Q

what are the thick filaments made up of

A

3 types of myosin protein
2 coiled myosin heavy chains
2 myosin light chains and regulatory light chains associated with the heads

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10
Q

what is the name for the mechanism that allows muscle to contract

A

sliding filament mechanism

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11
Q

which areas of the muscle shorten during contraction

A

H zone and I band

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12
Q

what is the cross-bridge theory

A

cyclic attachment and detachment of actin and myosin

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13
Q

what is the role of calcium in the sliding filament mechanism

A

calcium binds to inhibitory influence (troponin) and moves it to allow actin to bind

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14
Q

what are the limiting factors to trigger contraction

A

calcium and ATP in cytoplasm

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15
Q

what controls the amount of calcium in muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

what 2 receptors are responsible for triggering calcium release

A

dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors

17
Q

what are the stages of exciting muscle

A
  1. motor neuron action potential stimulates acetylcholine, triggering action potential in muscle fibre
  2. action potential moves through T tubules and triggers release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. calcium binds to thin filaments and tropomyosin moves away from myosin binding site
  4. myosin-actin cross bridge forms
  5. ATP driven power stroke and filament sliding
  6. cross bridge detaches and cycle repeats if calcium is still present
  7. when action potentials stop, calcium is sequestered by sarcoplasmic reticulum, tropomyosin returns to block myosin binding sites and muscle fibres relax
18
Q

functions of the skeletal system:

A

locomotion and mechanical work,
structural support,
protection,
blood cell production,
mineral storage

19
Q

what animals have an exoskeleton

A

most invertebrates

20
Q

what does an endoskeleton develop from

A

mesodermal tissue

21
Q

what is an exoskeleton made of

A

proteins, carbohydrates or minerals

22
Q

does an exoskeleton or endoskeleton have a blood supply

A

endoskeleton does, exoskeleton does not

23
Q

4 types of bone cell

A

osteocytes,
osteogenic,
osteoblast,
osteoclast

24
Q

what is the role of osteocytes

A

maintain bone tissue

25
Q

what is the role of osteoblasts

A

form bone matrix

26
Q

what is the role of an osteogenic cell

A

stem cell

27
Q

what is the role of an osteoclast

A

reabsorb bone

27
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete

A

osteoid to replace bone

28
Q

what regulates osteoclast activity and how (what chemicals)

A

osteoblasts and precursors regulate
RANK ligand promotes osteoclast activity
OPG reduces osteoclast activity, by binding to RANKK ligand

28
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete

A

hydrochloric acid and enzymes

29
Q

how much calcium is stored in bone and what is it stored as

A

stores 99% of bodies calcium
as hydroxyapatite

30
Q

what 2 hormones are important in regulating calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

31
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do

A

promote calcium transfer from bone fluid to plasma to counter hypocalcemia

31
Q

how is calcium rapidly exchanged

A

calcium ATP pumps

32
Q

what hormone is mainly used in mammals

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

33
Q

what animals use calcitonin

A

fish

33
Q

where does parathyroid hormone act

A

on kidneys to reabsorb more calcium and eliminate more phosphate

33
Q

what else does parathyroid hormone increase

A

vitamin D activation

34
Q

what type of feedback regulates parathyroid hormone release

A

negative

BIO 258 (15 decks)

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