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BIO 258 > respiratory circulation > Flashcards

respiratory circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

3 components of the circulatory system

A

pump - heart / contractile vessels,
vessels - vascular system,
medium - blood / haemolymph

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2
Q

what animals use open circulation

A

arthropods and some molluscs

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3
Q

how does open circulation work

A

pump with artery that leads in to haemocoel or open body cavity
then flows into veins and returns to pump

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4
Q

what animals use closed circulation

A

molluscs, annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates

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5
Q

describe the size of blood vessels in a closed system

A

large diameter arteries and veins promote rapid flow
small diameter capillaries create leisurely flow in the diffusion zone

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6
Q

what are 2 types of circulatory pump and what animals use them

A

peristaltic heart - arthropods and annelids
chambered heart - vertebrates, many arthropods and molluscs

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7
Q

how does a peristaltic heart work

A

a series of contractions of muscles to move fluid in one direction = peristaltic wave

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8
Q

what separates the chambers in an arthropods heart

A

ostia

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9
Q

how many chambers in a fish heart and how many of these are pumping chambers

A

4
2 which pump

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10
Q

how many pumping chambers in a double circulatory system

A

4

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11
Q

explain the role of the ventricles

A

R ventricle pumps blood to lungs to be oxygenated
L ventricle pumps blood around body once oxygenated

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12
Q

where is the tricuspid valve

A

between the R atrium and ventricle

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13
Q

what valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle

A

mitral valve

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14
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located

A

between the R ventricle and pulmonary artery

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15
Q

what valve lies between the L ventricle and aorta

A

aortic valve

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16
Q

what is responsible for initating contractions in the heart

A

pacemaker cells

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17
Q

what is the main pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node

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18
Q

which node propegates action potentials to ventricles

A

atrioventricular node

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19
Q

how does the atrioventricular node stimulate contraction of the ventricles

A

through the purkinje fibres

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20
Q

explain the electrical flow in the heart

A

calcium ions move in making membrane less negative = depolarisation
action potential crosses threshold triggering influx of calcium ions = large depolarisation
calcium ion gates shut, large movement of potassium ions out of membrane

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21
Q

how does the efficiency of amphibian circulatory system compare to mammals and birds

A

less efficient

22
Q

how do arteries maintain high velocity flow

A

elastic recoil

23
Q

what is the role of arterioles

A

control flow via constriction and dilation

24
Q

what do capillaries have to maintain unidirectional flow

A

sphincters

25
Q

how many chambers in an amphibian heart

A

3

26
Q

what are 4 components of blood

A

plasma,
ions,
nutrients,
waste,
gases,
proteins,
lipoproteins,
cells and cell fragments

27
Q

what are 4 components of haemolymph

A

water,
ions,
nutrients,
waste,
gases,
proteins,
lipoproteins

28
Q

what are the immune cells found in haemolymph

A

hemocytes

29
Q

what can be found in the haemolymph instead of red blood cells

A

respiratory pigments

30
Q

what is the respiratory pigment in vertebrates

A

haemoglobin

31
Q

what metal is in haemoglobin

A

iron

32
Q

what animal has the smallest haemoglobin molecule

A

hagfish

33
Q

what is the only adult animal lacking haemoglobin

A

Antarctic icefish

34
Q

what is the structure of vertebrate haemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide chains arranged in a tetramer

35
Q

what is different about bird haemoglobin

A

still has nucleus and other organelle

36
Q

what is the respiratory pigment in molluscs, cephalopods and annelids

A

haemocyanin

37
Q

what metal is haemocyanin made of

A

copper

38
Q

is oxygen binding in haemoglobin reversible

A

yes

39
Q

what is P50 a measure of

A

partial pressure of oxygen required for 50% oxygen saturation

40
Q

what is myoglobin

A

monomer with high oxygen affinity, storing oxygen in muscles

41
Q

what polypeptide chains are found in fetal haemoglobin that are not present in adults

A

gamma chains

42
Q

what form is carbon dioxide transported in the blood

A

as bicarbonate

43
Q

what true about fetal haemoglobin in comparison with the mother

A

fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for oyxgen in order to take oxygen from the mothers blood

44
Q

where is carbon dioxide transported

A

in plasma as it has higher solubility

45
Q

what is the reaction between carbon dioxide and water

A

Bohr effect

46
Q

what catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water

A

carbonic anhydrase

47
Q

in the reaction between water and carbon dioxide, protons are produced. Where do these bind to and why

A

bind to haemoglobin so that blood does not become more acidic

48
Q

what happens to haemoglobin when back at the lungs and what is the name of this effect

A

oxygen binds to haemoglobin causing carbon dioxide and protons to be released
= Haldane effect

49
Q

what are 4 modulators of oxygen affinity

A

carbon dioxide,
temperature,
pH,
organic phosphates (ATP, DGP)

50
Q

what is the effect of having high P50

A

haemoglobin has higher affinity and releases more oxygen more readily at tissues

50
Q

what has higher P50 - small or large mammals

A

small

BIO 258 (15 decks)

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