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BIO 258 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 main regulatory systems

A

central nervous system
hormonal ysystem

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2
Q

what type of singalling is used in nervous vs hormonal control

A

nervous = electrochemical
hormonal = chemicals

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3
Q

what is the general structure of a neuron

A

dendrites attached to a cell body
follows in to the axon
reaches axon terminals

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4
Q

how long can an axon be

A

1mm - 1m

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5
Q

explain the route of an action potential in a neuron

A

input zone receives incoming signal,
trigger zone initiates action potential,
conducting zone conducts action potentials over long distance,
output zone releases neurotransmitter that influences other cells (including other neurons)

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6
Q

how many neurons can be attached to one neurons output zone

A

up to 1000

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7
Q

what is the resting potential of all cells

A

-70mV

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8
Q

what is depolarisation

A

decrease in potential, membrane is less negative

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9
Q

what is repolarisation

A

return to resting potential after depolarisation

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10
Q

what is hyperpolarisation

A

increase in potential, membrane more negative

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11
Q

how does a change in membrane potential actually occur

A

changes immediately surrounding the membrane trigger voltage-gated ion-channels to open

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12
Q

why does hyperpolarisation occur

A

potassium channels take longer to close

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13
Q

what happens if the trigger on the membrane is stronger or longer

A

more channels open so there is more depolarisation

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14
Q

how does depolarisation spread to neighbouring inactive areas

A

local current flow

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15
Q

what triggers an action potential

A

graded potentials with significant magnitude

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16
Q

what are the stages of an action potential

A
  1. resting potential with channels closed
  2. Na+ channels open at the threshold, positive feedback
  3. rapid influx of Na+ into cell
  4. at peak, Na+ inactivation gate closes and K+ channels open
  5. efflux of K+ out of cell
  6. Na+ channels reset
  7. brief period of hyperpolarisation
  8. K+ channels shut, returning to resting potential
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17
Q

what is the purpose of the refractory period

A

stops Na+ opening again
limiting number of action potentials
ensures directionality

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18
Q

what fixes the hyperpolarisation

A

ATPase pumps

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19
Q

what is the name for unmyelinated areas along the axon and what happens to the action potential as a result

A

nodes of Ranvier - action potential must jump along these nodes as cannot be transmitted where myelin sheath is present

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20
Q

what is the name for the type of conduction that occurs as a result of the myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier

A

saltatory conduction

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21
Q

what are 2 types of synapse

A

electrical and chemical

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22
Q

what is the speed of transmission at electrical synapses

A

rapid

23
Q

what stages happen at a synapse

A
  1. action potential reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
  2. Ca+ enters synaptic knob
  3. neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis in to synaptic cleft
  4. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on chemical-gated channels on membrane of postsynaptic membrane
  5. binding of neurotransmitter opens the channels required and potential is transmitted to next neuron
24
Q

what 2 things can a neuron attach to

A

another neuron or muscle

25
Q

what is centralisation

A

nerves being central to the body

26
Q

what is cephalisation

A

prescence of brain-like tissue

27
Q

what are the only animals with no nerves or nervous system

A

sponges

28
Q

centralisation and cephalisation in the sea anemone

A

none
do have nerve nets

29
Q

centralisation and cephalisation in sea stars

A

no cephalisation
some centralisation due to radical symmetry

30
Q

centralisation and cephalisation in flatworms

A

centralisation with ladder like CNS
some cephalisation - brain at anterior

31
Q

centralisation and cephalisation in the earthworm

A

true brain (cephalisation) attached to ventral nerve cord (centralisation)

32
Q

centralisation and cephalisation in the squid

A

well centralised nervous system dominated by a large brain (compared to relative size)

33
Q

what does the position of the brain in squid show about cephalisation evolution

A

independently evolved from mammals as squid brain is wrapped around their tracheae

34
Q

what do afferent neurons transmit

A

signals from sensory receptors to CNS

35
Q

what do efferent neurons transmit and what chemicals do they use to do so

A

information from CNS to effectors using noradrenaline and acetylcholine

36
Q

what do interneurons transmit

A

information between afferent and efferent neurons

37
Q

what is the most common neuron type

A

interneurons (>90%)

38
Q

what types of neuron do not have dendrites

A

afferent neurons

39
Q

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

A

regulate involuntary physiological processes

40
Q

what are the 2 pathways of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

41
Q

what is carried out by the parasympathetic nerves

A

‘rest and digest’ activities
constrict pupils, slow heartbeat, stimulate activity of stomach and intestines, inhibit release of glucose

42
Q

what is carried out by the sympathetic nerves

A

‘fight or flight’
diate pupils, increase heartbeat, relax airways, inhibit stomach and intestine activity

43
Q

what 2 chemicals are secreted during the sympathetic pathway

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

where are norepinephrine and epinephrine secreted from

A

adrenal medulla

45
Q

what 2 receptors are triggered by acetylcholine

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

46
Q

what receptor is triggered by norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

andrenergic receptors

47
Q

number of neurons from origin in CNS to effector organ in the autonomic nervous system

A

two neuron chain (preganglionic and postganglionic)

48
Q

number of neurons from origin in CNS to effector organ in the somatic nervous system

A

single neuron (motor)

49
Q

what is innervated in autonomic nervous system

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine and some endocrine glands

50
Q

what is innervated in the somatic nervous system response

A

skeletal muscle

51
Q

what neurotransmitter is present in somatic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

what neurotransmitters are present in autonomic nervous system

A

acetylcholine = parasympathetic
norepinephrine = sympathetic

53
Q
A

BIO 258 (15 decks)

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