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Intro to Vet Med. > Therapeutic Principles. > Flashcards

Therapeutic Principles. Flashcards

1
Q

What does the word therapeutic mean?

A

The act of treating a disease or disorder through the use of healing agents or methods.

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2
Q

What are some examples of therapeutic actions?

A

Responsible use of antibiotics.

The surgical repair of broken bones.

The drainage of an abscess.

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3
Q

Pharmacology is the study of what?

A

It is the study of drugs and their interactions with the body.

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4
Q

What are drugs?

A

Any chemical agent used in the treatment, cure or prevention of a disease.

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5
Q

Does food count as a drug?

A

No.

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6
Q

What is clinical pharmacology?

A

A division of pharmacology that studies the effects of drugs on patients.

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7
Q

What is the goal of pharmacology?

A

To optimise the correct dosage of drugs.

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8
Q

What 2 things are inherent in the study of pharmacology?

A

Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.

Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs.

Knowledge of the toxic effects on drugs.

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9
Q

Define pharmo-kinetics?

A

It is the study of how the drug is absorbed and metabolised by individuals and populations. and deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs.

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10
Q

What is the ADME of pharmo-kinetics?

A

An acronym for what pharmo-kinetics studies in relation to drugs.

Absorption.

Distribution.

Metabolism.

Excretion.

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11
Q

What is the basic idea behind pharmo-kinetics?

A

How the body affects the drug.

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12
Q

What is the study of pharmacodynamics?

A

It is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body.

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13
Q

What is the basic idea behind pharmacodynamics?

A

How the drug affects the body.

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14
Q

What must happen to a drug before it can have any effects?

A

The drug must be absorbed into the body.

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15
Q

What are the 3 physiological components of drug absorption?

A

The blood flow at site of absorption.

The total surface area for absorption.

Physical and chemical properties of the drug.

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16
Q

What are the 4 physical and chemical properties of the drug in respects of absorption?

A

The solubility of the drug.

The chemical stability of the drug.

The lipid and water partition coefficient.

The degree of ionization.

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17
Q

What is the cutaneous route of drug absorption?

A

When a topical drug is placed on the skin to be absorbed.

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18
Q

What is the enteral route of drug absorption?

A

When a drug is administered orally or rectally.

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19
Q

What are the 5 parenteral methods of drug absorption?

A

Intravenous.

Intramuscular.

Subcutaneous.

Intradermic.

Intramammary.

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20
Q

What is important to take into consideration when administering an intramuscular injection?

A

The risk of an abcess.

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21
Q

What is the best route for the administration of volatile anesthetics?

A

Via the respiratory system.

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22
Q

What are the physico/chemical properties of a drug?

A

Solubility.

Chemical stability.

Lipid/water partition coefficient.

Degree of ionization.

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23
Q

What are 3 physico chemical properties of a drug that should be taken into account in regards to solubility?

A

Hydrophobic.

Hydrophilic.

Amphipathic.

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24
Q

What are 5 physico chemical property of a drug that should be taken into account in regards to chemical stability?

A

Galenic formulation.

Light exposure.

Temperature.

Inactive metabolites.

Solubility.

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25
Q

What physico chemical property of a drug should be taken into account in regards to lipid/water partition coefficient?

A

The transport through biological membranes.

26
Q

What physico chemical property of a drug should be taken into account in regards to degree of ionisation?

A

The pH of weak acids and bases.

Local anaesthetic and inflammation

27
Q

What is the distribution of drugs?

A

The distribution of the drug into body fluids.

28
Q

Where are the molecular targets for drugs found?

A

In the extracellular fluid.

In the intracellular fluid.

29
Q

Why is it important that the drug is tailored to the target tissue?

A

Because specific tissues take up some drugs better than others.

30
Q

Why is it important to consider plasma proteins during the distribution of drugs?

A

Because some plasma proteins such as albumin can bind drug molecules.

31
Q

Will a drug have any effect if it binds to a plasma protein?

A

No.

Drugs bound to plasma proteins are pharmacologically inert.

32
Q

What kind of drugs will be active within the body?

A

Free drugs.

33
Q

What kind of barriers must be taken into account when studying the distribution of drugs?

A

Biological barriers.

34
Q

What are the 2 main biological barriers within the body?

A

The placenta and the blood-brain barrier.

35
Q

What is the biotransformation of drugs?

A

It is the process of metabolising the parent drug compound.

36
Q

Where does the metabolism of drugs usually occur?

A

In the liver.

37
Q

What does the liver metabolise different drugs into?

A

Into different compounds called metabolites.

38
Q

How can the metabolites of a drug vary when compared to the parent drug?

A

The can decrease, increase or have no change.

39
Q

What factor of drug metabolism will contribute to the fequency of a drugs administration?

A

How many metabolites are formed.

40
Q

What can change the properties of drugs to facilitate their removal from the body?

A

Different chemical reactions that are performed by the body.

41
Q

How are most drugs removed from the body?

A

Via excretion.

42
Q

What is the metabolism pattern of most drugs?

A

Phase I oxidation which is followed by reduction and hydrolysis.

This is then followed by phase II conjugation.

43
Q

Why do cats tend to display a slow hepatic metabolism?

A

As they are deficient in several conjugation enzymes.

44
Q

When should drugs be excreted from the bod?

A

After they have had their desired effect.

45
Q

What are the 2 methods of drug excretion?

A

The elimination and clearance of drugs through the kindeys.

The secretion of drugs into bile for faecal elimination.

46
Q

What would happen if drugs were not eliminated from the body?

A

They would accumulate in the bloodstream and this may lead to toxic effects.

47
Q

Define an agonist?

A

A drug that binds to and activates a receptor.

48
Q

Define an antagonist?

A

A drug that reduces the effect of an agonist.

49
Q

How does an antagonist reduce the effect of an agonist?

A

Either competitively or non-competitively.

50
Q

Are the effects of an agonist or antagonist reversible?

A

They can either be reversible or irreversible.

51
Q

Define an inhibitor?

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

52
Q

Define a cellular target?

A

The location which a drug will exert its effects at.

53
Q

Where are cellular targets located?

A

Within body cells.

Within the microorganisms that are infecting the body.

54
Q

What cellular receptor is often the target of veteinary drugs?

A

The beta adrenergic receptor.

55
Q

What ion channel is often the target of veteinary drugs?

A

Sodium voltage channels.

56
Q

What are the characteristics of the drug penicillin?

A

It has a low toxicity.

57
Q

What condition could penicillin be used for?

A

An allergy.

58
Q

What condition could flunixin meglumine be used for?

A

A gastric ulcer or an acute kidney injury.

59
Q

What kind of toxicicty do aminoglycosides have?

A

Ototoxicity and renal toxicity.

60
Q

How can the toxicity of aminoglycosides be reduced?

A

By administering a high dose which will saturate the transporters in the kidney and reduce the toxicity.

Intro to Vet Med. (15 decks)

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