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Intro to Vet Med. > Preventative Medicine. > Flashcards

Preventative Medicine. Flashcards

1
Q

What does preventative medicine focus on?

A

The prevention of the spread of diseases.

The avoidance of diseases that are difficult to cure and may lead to the death.

Promotion of agricultural productivity.

Improving the health of the animal and human population.

One Health One Medicine.

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2
Q

What is primary prevention against disease?

A

Avoiding the development of a disease by preventing exposure.

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3
Q

What are common methods of primary prevention against disease?

A

Immunization programs and health education.

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4
Q

What does secondary disease prevention focus on?

A

It focuses on early disease detection and intervention, before the onset of clinical signs.

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5
Q

What does secondary disease prevention target?

A

The development of a disease and to reduce disease severity amongst people.

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6
Q

What are common methods of secondary prevention against disease?

A

Screening programs as Brucellosis.

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7
Q

What does tertiary disease prevention focus on?

A

On the treatment and rehabilitation of individuals with a disease.

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8
Q

What are common methods of tertiary prevention against disease?

A

Antimicrobial therapies.

Rehabilitation.

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9
Q

What is the most expensive phase of disease prevention?

A

The tertiary phase.

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10
Q

Which immune system will respond to microbial invasion?

A

The adaptive immune system.

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11
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

The appropriate administration of microbial antigens, as in a vaccine that provoke an effective resistance to infection.

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12
Q

What are the 3 forms of immunisation?

A

Active immunisation.

Passive immunisation.

Nonspecific immunisation.

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13
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

The administration of vaccines containing antigenic molecules from infectious agents.

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14
Q

Are vaccines efferctive preventions against disease?

A

Yes. Very.

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15
Q

What do vaccines teach the body to do?

A

They teach the body how to defend against pathogens.

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16
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They expose the animal to a very small, safe amount of a pathogen that has been weakened or killed.

The immune system recognises and attacks the infection if exposed to it later in life.

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17
Q

What kind of infections often follow a vaccination?

A

A mild infection.

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18
Q

Is vaccination a risky procedure?

A

There can be adverse affects.

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19
Q

The risks of vaccination should not exceed what?

A

The risks of vaccination must not exceed those caused by the disease itself

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20
Q

What are attenuated vaccines?

A

They contain live organisms that have reduced virulence i.e. ‘modified live virus’.

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21
Q

How do attenuated vaccines work?

A

They cause low-level infection so that the adaptive immune system can recognise them later on.

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22
Q

What advantage do attenuated vaccines have over other vaccines?

A

They will induce immunity more effectively at relevant anatomical sites and will activate the immune system.

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23
Q

How are attenuated vaccines administered?

A

Most are administered directly to mucosal sites.

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24
Q

What are inactivated vaccines also known as?

A

As killed or inactivated vaccines.

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25
Q

What kind of viral components are found in inactivated vaccines?

A

Subunit and naked DNA vaccines.

26
Q

What do inactivated vaccine contain?

A

An inactivated but antigenically intact virus or microorganism.

27
Q

Can the viruses in inactivated vaccines go through the viral cycle?

A

No.

They are unable to infect, replicate or induce clinical signs of infectious disease.

28
Q

How are inactivated vaccines usually administered to patients?

A

Parenterally.

29
Q

Do inactivated vaccines provide a long period of immunity?

A

No.

They often need to be given in multiple doses.

30
Q

What kind of vaccines usually require an adjuvant to increase their potency?

A

Inactivated vaccines.

31
Q

What are essential or core vaccines?

A

Vaccines that should be given to all animals.

32
Q

What are common diseases in dogs that have essential vaccines?

A

Canine distemper.

Parovirus.

Rabies.

33
Q

What are optional vaccines?

A

Vaccines that are used to protect animals against rare diseases.

34
Q

When should optional vaccines be used?

A

When the benefits outweigh the risk.

35
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

When an animal receives antibodies that have been produced by another individual’s immune system.

36
Q

When will antibodies be given to an animal?

A

To provide temporary protection against a microbial agent or toxin.

37
Q

What are antibodies stored as?

A

As immunoglobulins.

38
Q

Do antibodies provide long term immunity?

A

No.

They offer immediate but short-lived protection.

39
Q

What is the most natural and most important form of passive immunisation?

A

The transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring via the placenta or colostrum.

40
Q

What are antibodies best at protecting the body against?

A

Against toxigenic organisms such as clostridium tetani.

41
Q

How will non-specific immunotherapy affect an animals immune system?

A

They will enhance the activity of an animal’s immune system.

42
Q

Does non-specific immunotherapy target any particular disease?

A

No, this treatment stimulates the immune system rather than specifically targeting a cell type.

43
Q

What is the most common method of vaccine administration?

A

Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

44
Q

Who makes sure that an animal recieves an approriate dose of a vaccine?

A

The vet.

45
Q

What kind of animas are intranasal vaccine effective at protecting?

A

Cattle.

Cats.

Poultry.

46
Q

Why are injections often an inconvenient vaccine?

A

As every individual animal must be handled.

47
Q

What kind of vaccines can immunise an entire flock at one time?

A

Aerosolized vaccines.

48
Q

Aerosolised vaccines are common in what industry?

A

In the poultry industry.

49
Q

Can vaccinations be placed in feed?

A

Yes.

50
Q

How can fish be vaccinated against disease?

A

By immersion in a solution of antigen, which is absorbed through their gills.

51
Q

Is it possible to vaccinate animals against multiple diseases with 1 vaccaine?

A

Yes.

Different vaccines can be mixed into 1 injection.

52
Q

What are combination vaccines?

A

When different vaccines are mixed together?

53
Q

What animals are most likely to recieve combination vaccines?

A

Dogs and cats.

54
Q

Should vaccines be mixed randomly?

A

No.

55
Q

What protects newborn animals against disease?

A

Maternal antibodies.

56
Q

When should newborn animals be vaccinated?

A

When maternal immunity has declined.

57
Q

Why must young animals be vaccinated multiple times?

A

Because the time of the loss of maternal immunity can’t be predicted.

58
Q

What will influence the timeframe between vaccinations of an animal?

A

It depends on an animal’s immunologic memory.

59
Q

What is the traditional rule of re-vaccination?

A

Annual revaccination.

60
Q

What is a strongly recommended non core vaccine in dogs in Grenada?

A

Leptospira serovars.

61
Q

Must dogs be vaccinated against rabies in Grenada?

A

No.

Intro to Vet Med. (15 decks)

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