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Intro to Vet Med. > Principles of Surgery. > Flashcards

Principles of Surgery. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin.

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of the skin?

A

Protection.

Regulation.

Sensation.

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3
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

Closely followed procedures that are designed to minimize any infections that could occur after surgery.

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4
Q

Proper aseptic technique revolves around which 4 things?

A

The surgical facility.

The patient.

The surgeon.

The surgical equipment.

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5
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms found on those surfaces.

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6
Q

What will disinfectants be used for within the operating room?

A

To clean the facilities and to kill any pathogens present on the surgical equipment.

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7
Q

Are disinfectants ever used on a patient?

A

No.

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8
Q

Will disinfectants kill spores?

A

No.

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9
Q

What is the function of an antiseptic?

A

To prevent the growth of or kill microorganisms on living tissue.

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10
Q

Define sterilisation?

A

A procedure that will destroy all microorganisms and their spores.

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11
Q

What are the 2 methods of sterilisation?

A

Pressurized steam.

Chemical.

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12
Q

What is an autoclave used for?

A

To sterilize instruments with pressurized steam.

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13
Q

How can water be heated to more that 100 degrees C?

A

By increasing the pressure.

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14
Q

How are instuments placed into an autoclave?

A

At 250 ºF to 275 ºF for 15 to 30 minutes.

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15
Q

Why is the skin treated with antseptics etc before surgery?

A

Because it is a continuing source of contamination.

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16
Q

What is the goal of clipping hair and applying an antispeptic to a patients skin?

A

To kill and remove any of skin bacteria.

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17
Q

What major characteristics should an antiseptic that is used for pre-surgical skin preparation have?

A

It should kill bacteria very quickly.

They must be non-toxic to the patient.

They must be able to be quickly applied.

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18
Q

What are 2 widely used antispetics that are used in veterinary medicine?

A

Chlorhexidine and aqueous iodine scrubs.

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19
Q

How should hair be clipped around an injury site before surgery occurs?

A

The border of clipped hair should be around 20 cm at each side of the incision.

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20
Q

What grip should be used to hold clippers?

A

A pencil grip.

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21
Q

What happens to the skin after it has been clipped?

A

It is scrubbed with germicidal soaps to remove debris and reduce bacterial populations.

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22
Q

When is the animal moved into the operating room?

A

After clipping has occurred.

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23
Q

What is the 1st thing that happens once the animal has been moved into the operating room?

A

The skin is scrubbed.

24
Q

How should the surgeon prepare for surgery?

A

They should scrub their hands before putting on sterile gloves.

They should also wear a surgical cap, face mask, and sterile gown.

25
Q

When does haemostasis begin during the healing process?

A

Immediately after the surgical incision.

It is charactierised by blood vessel constriction and blood clotting.

26
Q

What occurs during the inflammatory of healing?

A

Blood vessels dilate and more white blood cells travel to the site of incision.

The white blood cells will help to destroy damaged tissue and kill bacteria.

27
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of healing?

A

Fibroblasts enter the damaged area and form fibrous connective tissue which is known as granulation tissue.

28
Q

What occurs during the remodelling phase of healing?

A

The wound heals and decreases in size.

29
Q

What will surgeons do to the incision site so that the healing process can be minimised?

A

They will bring incision edges together.

In a well-closed incision the epithelial cells can cross the laceration within one to two days.

30
Q

What describes a wound that has the edges closely stitched together?

A

First intention healing.

31
Q

What is the golden period following surgery?

A

The first six to eight hours, when bacterial numbers are still at low.

32
Q

What is 2nd intention healing?

A

Healing that occurs in wounds where granulation tissue must fill the incision site so that epithelial cells can grow.

33
Q

Define a haematoma?

A

An accumulation of blood in a dead space.

34
Q

Define a seroma?

A

An accumulation of fluid that contains a small number of red blood cells.

35
Q

Define an abcess?

A

An accumulation of fluid that contains bacteria, white blood cells, and dead tissue.

36
Q

What are Halsteds 7 principles of surgery?

A

Gentle handling of the tissue.

Meticulous haemostasis.

Preservation of blood supply.

Good aseptic technique.

Minimum tension on tissues.

Accurate tissue apposition.

Obliteration of dead space.

37
Q

What is an absorbale suture?

A

A sterile, flexible strand that is made from the collagen of healthy mammals or from synthetic polymers.

It can be absorbed by living tissues.

38
Q

What are natural sutures made from?

A

Collagens (Surgical gut or catgut).

39
Q

What 3 things can synthetic sutures be made from?

A

Monocryl.

Vicryl.

PDS.

40
Q

What is the major characteristic of non-absorbable sutures?

A

This suture material is not destroyed by the body and these sutures are used for long term support.

41
Q

What 4 kinds of suture material is used for non-absorbable sutures?

A

Surgical cotton.

Surgical silk.

Surgical steel.

Synthetic echelon or prolene.

42
Q

What surgical incisions are staples used to close?

A

Incisions that have fairly straight edges.

43
Q

What are the advantages of using staples to close a wound?

A

It is a quick and effective method for closing skin incisions.

It reduces anesthesia time.

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of using staples to close a wound?

A

The staples penetrate the epidermis which may result in scaring.

They are uncomfortable for the patient.

They irritate the skin.

45
Q

What will speed up surgery after healing?

A

Confining the animal and restricting movement.

46
Q

How long should patients be confined for after a surgery?

A

It depends on the surgery, but it can be between 2 weeks and 2 months.

47
Q

What is the usual recovery time for excision arthroplasty or abdominal surgery?

A

2-3 weeks.

48
Q

What is the usual recovery time for patellar luxations or internal surgery?

A

3-4 weeks.

49
Q

What is the usual recovery time for young animal fractures, dislocations or spinal surgery?

A

5-6 weeks.

50
Q

What is the usual recovery time for most fractures, any surgery involving cutting bone or any surgeries involving fusion?

A

6-8 weeks.

51
Q

What is the usual recovery time for osteotomys or total Hip Replacements

A

8 weeks.

52
Q

What are 4 post op medications that can be given to an animal at home?

A

Antibiotics.

Pain medication.

Sedatives.

53
Q

What is the 1st sign of infection?

A

An elevated temperature.

54
Q

How often should an animals temperature be taken after surgery?

A

Twice a day.

55
Q

What behaviours might indicate post surgical infection?

A

Lethargy.

Abnormal eating and drinking habits.

Restlessness.

56
Q

How can you stop the pet from licking the bandge?

A

Through the use of a plastic Elizabethan collar.

Intro to Vet Med. (15 decks)

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