Theory's Of Development Flashcards
True or false:
Most theorists agree that it is implausible for nature or nurture to be the sole influence on our growth and development
True
According to the nurture side, at birth the human mind is like a blank, or…
Tabula rasa
Discontinuity, or stage theories, argue that development processes through a series of stages.
Each stage is seen as involving a specific task. Once the task is accomplished the child moves on to the next stage. The developing person is seen as not changing quantitatively, but qualitatively.
What theory best suggest development is best described as a steady growth process. Developmental change is described as occurring in small steps or increments.
Continuity theories.
A lifespan theorist argued that growth and change continue to occur throughout the entire lifespan. Give an example of a lifespan perspective theorist.
Eric Erickson
What theorist argued that all children progress through the same stages of cognitive development in the same order and at the same approximate age?
Jean Piaget
Paiget believed that there was a…
Universality of cognitive development
Cognitive developmental theory is based on the notion that…
Cognitive abilities are developed as individuals mature physiologically and have opportunities to interact with their environment.
Paiget described interactions of equilibrium of accommodation and assimilation cycle and what theory?
Cognitive developmental theory
Paiget describe constructivism in that children…
Construct schema, organized patterns of thought or action, based on the experiences they have actively exploring the environment.
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor stage, describing individuals from birth to around the age of two.
Preoperational, is characterized by egocentrism, rigidity of thought, semi logical reasoning, and limited social cognition.
Concrete operations, the beginning of operational thinking and describes the thinking of children between the ages of seven and 11. Learners at this age begin to decenter.
Formal operations, the last stage of cognitive development and opens wide the door for higher ordered, critical thinking.
Ivan Pavlov Believe and learning theory, or the behaviorist perspective. What does this mean?
Learning theory suggests that behavior is controlled by stimuli in the environment.this process can also be known as classical conditioning.
What is unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that automatically elicits a motor response without training or conditioning, and the unconditioned response (UCR), the untrained motor response.
A stimulus that is consistently paired with the UCS is called…
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned stimulus alone elicits the reflexive response that is known as…
Condition response (CS)
What did Pavlov described as a generalization?
Generalization is observed when I conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
Pavlov demonstrated discrimination as…
The op. cit. of generalization. Discrimination is the process of conditioning in response to occur only after a specific stimulus is presented.
Extinction was demonstrated by Pavlov as…
Extension is the unlearning of a conditioned stimulus.
Who extended the work of Pavlov by studying classical conditioning of emotional responses and children?
John Watson. Watson believe that at birth we have a small number of emotional responses in our behavior repertoire. These are love, anger, and fear.
What American psychologist developed a learning theory called operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
BF Skinner theorized that behavior can be shaped through…
Behavior reinforcement and punishment.
What is positive reinforcement?
It is the reward or rewarding condition that is experienced after a behavioral response.
What is negative reinforcement?
It is when a noxious or unpleasant condition is removed when their behavioral response is emitted.
In the late 1960’s, a major shift in thinking about learning and social cognitive theory was introduced by who?
Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura introduce the idea that changes in behavior are required not only through the processes of conditioning, but also through…
Observational learning.
Bandura observed that people can emit a new behavior and it’s complete form after simply watching someone else perform that behavior.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
The affect that seeing a model being reinforced has an observational learning.
Who could be considered the father of psychodynamic theory?
Sigmund Freud
Freud they arise that personality is mainly what?
Unconscious and is based on early experiences with parents that she personality.
Freud’s three main points of very emphasized…
1) childhood experiences determinable personality.
2) unconscious mental processes influence everyday behavior.
3) conflict causes most human behavior.
Id
Develops at birth.
Functions as the pleasure principle, unconscious instincts, irrational, seeks instant gratification, contains the libido
Ego
Develops around six months of age
Functions as the reality principle, mediates id in reality, executive branch
Super ego
Develops around six years of age
Functions as morality principal, personal conscience, personal ideals
Freud referred to the hidden part of our personalities as the unconscious he also referred to this as…
Repression
Anxiety can result from…
Irrational pleasure demands of the id or from the super ego causing guilty feelings about a real or imagined transgression.
Common defense mechanisms include:
Rationalization, refreshing, reaction formation, regression, projection, displacement, sublimation, intellectualization, denial.
Rationalization
Creating false but plausible excuse just to justify unacceptable behavior
Repression
Pushing unacceptable id impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious
Reaction formation
Behaving exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings
Regression
Reversion too immature patterns of behavior
Projection
Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, motives or shortcomings to others
Displacement
Shifting unacceptable feelings from their original source to a safer, substitute Target
Sublimation
A useful, socially acceptable course of behavior replaces a socially unacceptable or distasteful impulse
Intellectualization
By dealing with a stressful situation in an intellectual or emotional manner, a person detaches him or herself from the stress
Denial
Denying that a very unpleasant thing has happened
Eric Erickson believed that…
Personality continues to develop over the entire lifespan, and not just through childhood
Erickson’s eight stages of psychosocial development follows as…
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus role confusion him
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Ego integrity versus despair
Trust versus mistrust. Birth to one-year
Infants needs must be met by responsive, sensitive caretakers. If this occurs, a basic sense of trust and optimism develops. If not miss trust and fear of the future results.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt. 1 to 3 years.
Children begin to express self control by climbing, exploring, touching, and toilet training. Parents can foster a sense of autonomy by encouraging children to try new things. If restrained or punished too harshly, shame and doubt can develop
Initiative versus guilt. 3 to 6 years.
Through play, children learn to plan, undertake, and carry out a task. Parents can encourage initiative by giving children the freedom to play, to use their imagination, etc. Children who are criticized or discouraged from taking the initiative learn to feel guilty.
Industry versus inferiority. 6 to 11 years.
Children learn skills that are valued by society. Success or failure while learning the skills can have lasting effects on a child’s feelings of adequacy.
Identity versus role confusion. Adolescence
Adolescence experiment with different roles. If we establish an integrated image of ourselves as a unique person, then we establish a sense of identity.
Intimacy versus isolation. Young adulthood.
At this time we are concerned with establishing intimate, long-term relationships with others. If we have successfully resolve the identity crisis, then we can be warm and open with others. If you’re unsure of our identity or if we have other developed and unhealthy identity, that we may avoid others or keep them and emotional distance.
Generativity versus stagnation. Adulthood.
The stage centers around a concern for the next generation. Successful development shows adult sharing their life acquired wisdom and caring for the growth of the community. Complacency in the stage leads to stagnation and potentially a depression and loneliness.
Ego integrity versus despair. Late adulthood
If a person looking back on his or her life can believe that it has been meaningful and relatively successful, then a sense of integrity develops.
Sociocultural theory of development argues that there is a
Bidirectional relationship between the child and the sociocultural environment.
Name to theorists who emphasize the influence of socio-cultural context on development
Lev Vygotsky & Urie Bronfebrenner
Bronfenbrenner developed and ecological systems theory of development called
The bio ecological approach
What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is cognitive support provided to a younger think or buy a more advanced thinker.
Bronfenbrenner relieve a child’s development is affected by several context or systems including the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem.
True
Microsystem
The immediate environmental context the child experiences directly, like the family
Meso system
The interrelationships between events of different Microsystems.
Exosystem
The context that significant others in the child’s direct life experience but the child does not.
Macro system
The larger cultural context in which all of the other systems exist
Define natural selection
When a species traits evil very gradually over time. The strongest survive.
What is a critical period?
A critical period is a narrow frame of time with in which a behavior must develop or it will never appear.
When applying critical. Phenomenons to humans, psychologist referred to the term as…
Sensitive period
Evolutionary psychologists focus on what?
Discovering the adaptive, survival value of specific animal and human behaviors.
