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CLEP Human Growth & Development > Cognitive Development Throughout The Lifespan > Flashcards

Cognitive Development Throughout The Lifespan Flashcards

0
Q

A basic element of thought is called a…

A

Concept

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1
Q

Thinking is defined as…

A

The manipulation of mental representations

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2
Q

Reasoning involves…

A

Processing information to reach a conclusion. It includes evaluating and generating arguments to reach that conclusion

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3
Q

Inductive reasoning involves what?

A

Reasoning from specific to the general. For example, drying conclusions about all members of the category or concept based on only some of the members is inductive reasoning to.

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4
Q

Deductive reasoning to is what?

A

Reasoning from the general to the specific.

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5
Q

Logical reasoning involves what?

A

Using mental procedures that yield valid conclusions

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6
Q

What is problem-solving?

A

It is the mental activity used when we want to reach a certain goal that is not readily available. Problem-solving includes understanding the problem; planning a solution; carrying out the solution; and evaluating the results

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7
Q

Piaget believed cognitive development proceeded through what four stages?

A

1) sensorimotor intelligence: which lasts from birth to approximately 18 months of age
2) pre-operations: which lasts from 2 to 7 years of age
3) concrete operations: which covers the years 7 to 12
4) formal operations: which extends from 12 years on

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8
Q

What did Piaget refer ti the meaning of adaptation?

A

Children construct cognitive schema to organize their experiences

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9
Q

Piaget’s stage theory involve a state of what and what?

A

Disequilibrium and equilibrium

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10
Q

Lev Vygotsky argued that children interact not only with objects in their environment but with people in a sociocultural context

A

This was against Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development

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11
Q

Guided participation, according to Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory explains…

A

How older adults transmit the values and beliefs of the culture two children

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12
Q

Zone of proximal development describes…

A

Children’s problem-solving ability with and without the aid of an older guide.

Teachers and parents service scaffolds or guides for children working on a problem-solving task.

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13
Q

Information processing theorists use the computer as a metaphor for the human mind, which is viewed as a what?

A

Information processing machine

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14
Q

Memory is information storage and involves the processes of what?

A

Registration, encoding, storage, and retrieval

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15
Q

Working memory is also known as?

A

Primary memory or short-term memory

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16
Q

Long-term memory is also known as what?

A

Secondary memory

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17
Q

Retrieval can be either what or what?

A

Recall or recognition

18
Q

Define recognition

A

Remembering when the queue for retrieval is the information to be remembered. Selecting the correct response to a multiple-choice question is an example of recognition

19
Q

What is recall?

A

Recall is a much more difficult retrieval process, involves remembering after being given a less helpful clue.

Answering the question, “what did you eat for breakfast?” Is an example of the recall process.

20
Q

According to Piaget, The final achievement of the sensorimotor stage are…

A

Symbolic representation: the ability to use one thing to stand for another.

&

Deferred imitation: modeling someone else’s behavior sometime after observing the model. This requires the ability to create a mental representation of behavior and later retrieval and use that representation

21
Q

Conservation

A

The understanding that the quantity of liquid, or number, or volume does not change unless you add or take some away

22
Q

Classification

A

The ability to organize items into groups based on shared characteristics or features

23
Q

Seriation

A

The ability to rank order objects on a dimension like height or length

24
Q

Class inclusion

A

The ability to represent exemplars of categories in superordinate and subordinate levels

25
Q

Egocentric thinking

A

The inability to take the perspective of another person

26
Q

Preoperational children do not reason logically about cause-and-effect; what Piaget call this?

A

Transductive reasoning

27
Q

Preoperational children engage in animistic thinking. Define animistic thinking

A

Projecting human abilities and traits onto inanimate objects

28
Q

Pre-occupational children lack reversibility

A

The ability to mentally rewind a thought

29
Q

Children between the ages of 7 to 12 years enter concrete and formal operations. Learners at this stage begin to…

A

Decenter

30
Q

Adolescents constitute the ultimate stage of cognitive development according to…

A

Piaget

31
Q

To the relativistic thinker, truth is understood as relative to the network and problems are understood to have more than one

A

Possible solution

32
Q

Absolute thinker thinks…

A

Linearly and expects that there is one truth and that every problem has one correct solution

33
Q

Metacognition is the capacity to be aware of one’s own cognitive processing; what is this also known as

A

Executive functioning

34
Q

Metamemory as one’s knowledge about memory, and it has been divided into what?

A

Person, task, and strategy

35
Q

Define attention

A

The process of focusing on particular aspects of the sensory world

36
Q

Selective attention

A

Directing one’s attention toward a particular aspect of the sensory field while at the same time and ignoring other distracting stimuli

37
Q

True or false

The ability to ignore irrelevant stimulus appears to increase with age

A

False

38
Q

Pretend or imaginative play requires what?

A

Cognitive ability of symbolic representation

39
Q

Give one example of a major form of imaginative play

A

Daydreaming

40
Q

Cooperative play begins when

A

Children find that they share knowledge of various characters or fantasies with others

41
Q

Caldwell and Bradley had developed the HOME scale to assess the amount of intellectual stimulation in the home environment. What does HOME stand for?

A

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment

42
Q

True or false

Culture influences cognitive development

A

True

CLEP Human Growth & Development (10 decks)

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