Biological Development Throughout The Lifespan Flashcards
Name three changes in the areas of development
Biological development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development
Maturation
The term used to describe a genetically programmed biological plan of development that is relatively independent of experience
How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of each cell in the human body?
46
How are chromosomes arranged?
In pairs.
22 of these pairs of chromosomes are called…
Autosomes
In normal females, the sex chromosome pair is…
XX
In normal males the sex chromosome pair is?
XY
Biological patents pass on one set of how many chromosomes and what?
23 chromosomes in each sperm cell or ovum
Which parent is the determining chromosomes for sex?
The father because he can pass either the X or a Y chromosome and each sperm cell
Zygote
The cell that is formed following conception after the sperm penetrates the ovum
Someone who inherence a dominant gene recessive gene pair is called a
Carrier
A carrier can pass what to their offspring?
Either a dominant gene or a recessive gene
Genotype
Term used to describe all of the traits carried in a person’s genetic material, including recessive traits
Phenotype
The characteristics that are actually expressed in a person
What is Polygenetic inheritance?
When multiple genes work together to produce a treat
What is the endocrine system responsible for?
Managing hormone levels in the bloodstream
What gland is known as the master gland?
The pituitary gland because it causes other glands to secrete hormones
What gland controls the pituitary gland?
The hypothalamus
Growth hormone comes from where and does what?
Growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates physical growth and development
Androgens
Also known as sex hormones, and control the development of sex organs as well as secondary sex characteristics
Ovaries produce what?
Estrogen and progesterone
The first trimester is also known as this and last for how long?
Germinal., And lasts for 13 weeks at the beginning of the pregnancy
What is the second trimester of pregnancy and how long does it last?
It is known as the period of the embryo, and last from the 14th to the 27th week
The third trimester is called…, And lasts how long?
The third trimester is known as the period of the fetus, and lasts from the 28th week until birth
How long does the average pregnancy last?
270 days or 40 weeks
List the two types of twins
Monozygotic (identical twins), and dizygotic (fraternal twins)
What tests are a available to screen for abnormalities in prenatal development
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling
What is amniocentesis?
Testing fetal cells and amniotic fluid removed from the amniotic sac in the uterus for indicators of genetic abnormalities. Cannot be done until the 16th week of pregnancy.
Chorionic villus sampling
Can be done as early as the sixth week of pregnancy. Involves tiny hair cells of the membrane surrounding the fetus are extracted via a small tube inserted into the vagina. The hair cells contain genetic material from the fetus
Anoxia
A condition caused by reduced oxygen flow to the fetus during birth
Apgar scale
Developed as a quick way to assess the overall condition of the Neo Nate immediately after birth and again five minutes after the birth
Plasticity
Neural circuits change over time as a result of stimulation
Pruning
New circuits are formed an unused or faulty circuits are lost
What does the left hemisphere of the brain generally control?
Language processing
Spatial processing is controlled by one side or hemisphere of the brain?
The right hemisphere
The specialization of the hemispheres of the brain is referred to as
Lateralization
Moro
Extension of arms when an infant feels a loss of support
Babinski
Spreading the toes when the bottom of the foot is stimulated
Grasping
Squeezing any object placed in the hands
Rooting
Turning toward an object brushing the cheek and sucking
Proximodistal principle
This development describes the center outward direction of motor development
Cephalocaudal principle
Describes the head to foot direction of motor development
What part of the body do children tend to control first?
Upper body portions
Gross motor skills
Skills required the coronation of large body parts
Fine motor skills
Involves small, coordinated movements of the hands, fingers, or toes
In males, what hormones are secreted in larger quantities to stimulate body size increases and skeletal maturity?
GH and thyroxin
In females, what organ secretes an increased amount of estrogen which in turn triggers the production of GH and leads to the female growth spurt?
Ovaries
When are females generally thought to have reached puberty?
Menarche, the first menstrual cycle
How is obesity defined?
Obesity is defined as weighing 20% more than the average for people of similar age, height, body type, and sex
Climacteric
Also known as menopause
List and added bonus in females due to the hormone estrogen
Estrogen helps protect against plaque buildup on the walls of arteries and helps maintain good bone mass density
