Theories of personality and development Flashcards
What is the Erikson stage for infancy (0-1 1/2 years)?
Trust vs. mistrust - is the world safe? If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of HOPE.
What is the Erikson stage for early childhood (ages 1 1/2 to 3)?
Autonomy vs. shame - A delicate balance is required from the parent. They must try not to do everything for the child, but if the child fails at a particular task they must not criticize the child for failures and accidents (particularly when toilet training). The aim has to be “self control without a loss of self-esteem”. If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of WILL.
What is the Erikson stage for play ages (age 3-5)?
Initiative vs. guilt - Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions.
Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. They may feel like a nuisance to others and will, therefore, remain followers, lacking in self-initiative. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of PURPOSE.
What is the Erikson stage for school age children (age 5-12)?
Industry (competence) vs. inferiority - It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child’s self-esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.
If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his or her potential. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of COMPETENCE.
What is the Erikson stage for adolescence (age 12-18)?
Ego identity vs. role confusion - This is a major stage of development where the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. Erikson claims that the adolescent may feel uncomfortable about their body for a while until they can adapt and “grow into” the changes.
Fidelity involves being able to commit one’s self to others on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological differences.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within society (“I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up”) can lead to role confusion. Role confusion involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of FIDELITY.
What is the Erikson stage for young adulthood (age 18-40 yrs)?
Intimacy vs. isolation - Successful completion of this stage can result in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of LOVE.
What is the Erikson stage for middle adulthood (age 40-65 yrs)?
Generativity vs. stagnation - During middle adulthood, we give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of CARE.
What is the Erikson stage for older adulthood (65+ yrs)?
Ego integrity vs. dispair - It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of WISDOM. Wisdom enables a person to look back on their life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear.
When does gender identity develop in children?
By ~age 2 1/2 children can consistently identify their own gender and the gender of others
