Theories Of Learning Flashcards
Operant conditioning
What is it in relation to training
Use of reinforcement to link correct responses to a stimulus, therefore known as a behaviourist theory
What 3 key aspects characterise operant conditioning
- Based on trial and error
- Coach might manipulate the environment
- Shapes behaviour by using reinforcement
Describe how operant conditioning strengthens the ‘Stimulus - Response bond’
- a coach can strengthen the S-R bonds in a leaner by using: positive reinforcement & weaken them with negative reinforcement. Plus punishment.
- shapes behaviour
Describe positive reinforcement
- pleasant stimulus is given to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again
- e.g. coach rewarding swimmer a certificate after completing 25m in the pool
Describe negative reinforcement
- taking away an unpleasant stimulus when the performer does the correct response
- e.g. when a coach who is repeatedly telling a performer that they are performing wrong, stops, then they know they are doing it right.
Operant conditioning;
Describe punishment
- when a coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from occurring
- e.g. player being red carded would learn not to repeat the offence
How is mental practise and whole-part-whole practise used in operant conditioning
Mental practise:
- go over the correct aspects of the task in the mind to help shape behaviour
Whole-part-whole practise:
- coach uses it to isolate the key aspects of the task, to manipulate the environment
Outline Bandura’s ‘Observational Theory ‘
- both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching and then copying other people
- Bandura said that a performer is more likely to copy a model demonstration if the coach uses 4 processes:
Describe the ‘Attention stage’, example of how a coach may use it
- the more attractive the demo is the more likely it is to be copied
- model should be: loud, bright, attractive and clear, accurate and always correct
- e.g. telling a tennis player the reason for demoing a slice shot, to draw the opposition closer for a winning shot.
Describe the ‘Retention’ stage, example of how a coach may use it
- ability to remember important information & recall it from the memory system.
- break it into ‘chunks’ and repeat it
- (use of a role model or expert can ensure accurate demo is given)
- learner should attempt the skill ASAP so it is fresh in the mind
Describe the ‘motor reproduction’ stage, example of how a coach may use it
- making sure the player is physically capable to copy the demo i.e. set a task the same level as the performer & can initially understand
- tasks should start easy and then progressively get harder (if complex)
- player should be given time to practise & learn before the next stage
Describe the ‘Motivation’ stage, example of how a coach may use it
- drive needed to copy the demo
- motivate the learner by giving: praise, rewards, positive feedback and reinforcement
What factors make modelling demos and behaviours more likely ?
- close to appropriate social norms (performed by player with similar ability)
- reinforced
- engaging, visually and physically
- consistent
- relevant
Social Development Theory : (Vygotsky)
Relationship between the ‘More Knowledgeable Other’, intra-psychological learning and inter-psychological learning
- the coach or the MKO can give direct examples and advice as well as influence the leaner by demonstrating values and actions e.g. high degree of effort
- during development the skills are learned from the coach by a process called ‘inter-psychological learning’ = when the leaner uses the MKO for advice, feedback and tactical knowledge
- once external advice absorbed, leaner can start to construct actions based on what they have leaned externally. Called ‘intra-psychological learning’, learning from within.
Constructivism
Outline the idea of constructivism
- working with others to help dev. Skills, learn from the actions of more experienced people and add theirs to the actions you already know.
- therefore, building skills
- during intra-psychological learning, assess what performance level they are currently at and therefore what they need to learn to get to the next level.
- the MKO can help give advice
