Theories Chapter 8

Question 1

The Innateness Hypothesis

Answer 1

The theory that asserts that language ability is innate in humans

Question 2

Linguistic Universals

Answer 2

Innate knowledge of core characteristics common to all languages

Question 3

Universal Grammar

Answer 3

The theoretically inborn set of structural characteristics shared by all languages

Question 4

Neglected Children

Answer 4

Children who grew up around little or no language

Question 5

Feral Children

Answer 5

Children who grew up in the wild, usually around animals

Question 6

Homesign Gestures

Answer 6

Communicative gestures invented by deaf children and the people with whom they routinely interact

Question 7

Imitation Theory

Answer 7

Theory that claims children learn language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they hear

Question 8

Reinforcement Theory

Answer 8

Theory that asserts that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, or otherwise reinforced when they use the right and are corrected when they use the wrong forms

Question 9

Active Construction

Answer 9

Children invent the rules of grammar themselves

Question 10

Connectionist Theory

Answer 10

Assumes that children learn language by creating neural connections in the brain

Question 11

Social Interaction Theory

Answer 11

Assumes that children acquire language though social interaction with older children and adults

Question 12

Child-Directed Speech

Answer 12

Slow, high-pitched, contains many repetitions, simplified syntax, exaggerated intonation, and simple concrete vocabulary

Question 13

Identifying Sounds

Answer 13

Perceiving distinctions in language

Question 14

High Amplitude Sucking

Answer 14

A study in which identification of sounds in infants is distinguished using a pacifier

Question 15

Conditioned Head-Turned Procedure

Answer 15

A study in which identification of sounds in infants between 5 and 18 months old is distinguished using visual reinforcers

Question 16

Producing Sounds

Answer 16

A child’s first vocatlizations

Question 17

Articulatory Gestures

Answer 17

Producing a particular sound as well as timing relationship between gestures

Question 18

Babble

Answer 18

Producing a sequence of vowels and consonants if they are acquiring spoken language or producing hand movements

Question 19

Canonical Babbling

Answer 19

The continual repetition of syllables

Question 20

Variegated Babbling

Answer 20

Repeating the same syllables

Question 21

Holophrastic Stage

Answer 21

Single words produced as more than just labels for objects or events

Question 22

Two-Word Stage

Answer 22

Between approximately 18 and 24 months, children begin to use two-word utterances

Question 23

Telegraphic

Answer 23

The words used and the order in which they convey them

Question 24

Later Stages of Development

Answer 24

When children are able to combine more than 2 words into utterances

Question 25

Overgeneralization

Answer 25

Leaving noun ending in sibilants in their singular forms

Question 26

Complexive Concept

Answer 26

When a child associates different characteristics with the meaning of a word on successive uses

Question 27

Overextentions

Answer 27

When a child extends the range of a word’s meaning beyond that typically used by adults

Question 28

Underextention

Answer 28

The application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech

Question 29

Rational Term

Answer 29

Constitues a relatively complex concept such as large or small

Question 30

Deictic Expressions

Answer 30

Words referring to personal, temporal, or spatial aspects of an utterance and whose meaning depends on the context in which the word is used

Question 31

Infant-Directed Speech

Answer 31

Speech directed at children

Question 32

Attention Getters

Answer 32

Tell children which utterances are addressed to them rather to someone else

Question 33

Attention Holders

Answer 33

When they have more than one thing to say, such as a story

Question 34

Bilingual

Answer 34

Speaker of 2 languages

Question 35

Multilingual

Answer 35

Speaker of more than 2 languages

Question 36

Second-Language Acquisition

Answer 36

Learning a second language later in life

Question 37

Language Mixing

Answer 37

Using more than 1 language in a conversation or or within a phrase

Question 38

Conversational Turns

Answer 38

Taking turns as the speaker and listener in a conversation

Question 39

Here and Now

Answer 39

Whatever is directed under the child’s eye

Question 40

Interrogatives

Answer 40

Producing questions only by using rising intonations rather than a particular syntactic structure