Constraints and Accents Flashcards
Phonetic Inventories
The sounds that are produced as a part of language
Phonotactic Contraints
Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds
Sound Substitution
Speakers that use sounds of their native language to replace non-native sounds when pronouncing the words of a foreign language
Phoneme
A set of speech sounds that perceived to be variants of the same sound
Allophone
Each member of a particular phoneme set
Contrastive Distribution
A case in which two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment
Overlapping Distribution
Phonemes that occur in the same environment
Phonological Rules
The mapping between phonetic and phonemic elements
Natural Class
A group of sounds in a language that shares one or more articulatory or auditory property
Obstruents
Stops, fricatives, and affricates produced with an obstruction of the airflow
Sonorants
Segments produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow
Nasal Place Assimilation
An alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following consonant
Flapping
An alveolar stop is realized as [r] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel
Maximally Distinct
The consonants have very few qualities in common with the vowels, and the vowels are likewise very different from the consonants
Distribution
Determining the set of phonetic environments that can occur for each sound in question
Near-Minimal Pairs
A pair of words differing in meaning but phonetically identical except for the one sound
Sibilant
Segment that have high-pitched, hissing sound quality
Assimilation
Cause a sound or gesture to become more like a neighboring sound or gesture with respect to some phonetic property
Dissimilation
Cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds
Manner Dissimilation
A stop becomes a fricatives when followed by another stop
Insertion
Cause.a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word
Voiceless Stop Insertion
Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted
Metathesis
When three consecutive consonants occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel
Aspiration
Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable
Strengthening
Make sounds stronger
