Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BSMS 103 > Theme 3 - Valvular Heart Disease > Flashcards

Theme 3 - Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What gives the S1 heart sound?

A

AV valves slamming shut after diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What time point is the S1 heart sound heard?

A

After diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What gives the S2 heart sound?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves slamming shut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What time point is the S2 heart sound heard?

A

After systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a murmur?

A

unusual sounds during a heart beat cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What heart sounds does a pan systolic murmur span?

A

S1 and S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the character if an ejection systolic murmur?

A

reaches a crescendo during systole then decrescendos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three types of systolic murmur?

A

mid systolic, pan systolic and late systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the most common murmur?

A

mid systolic murmur due to aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are mid, pan and late systolic murmurs characterised?

A

mid - aortic or pulmonary stenosis or atrial septal defect
pan - mitral or tricuspid regurgitation or VSD
late - mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two types of diastolic murmur?

A

early and mid/late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are early and mid/late diastolic murmurs characterised?

A

early - aortic/pulmonary regurgitation
mid/late - mitral or tricuspid stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of oedema is caused by tricuspid regurgitation?

A

peripheral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of oedema is caused by mitral regurgitation?

A

pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most common cause of VHD?

A

ageing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does rheumatic fever principally causes?

A

mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name one type of VHD a strep can cause

A

Infective valve disease or rheumatic valve disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the most common cause of degenerative heart disease?

A

aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what valves are most likely to be affected by infective VD?

A

can affect any valve but IV drug users more likely to affect the right valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what valves are most likely to be affected by congenital VD?

A

any valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the three main pathologies of VHD?

A

fibrosis (fusion of leaflets), calcification (leaflets are immobile) and dilation (stretched ventricle pulls on valve cusp so it cant close)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is stenosis an opening or closing problem?

A

opening (SO!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name three characteristics of stenosis

A

1) narrowing of valve orifice where blood moves through
2) leaflets open less wider
3) narrowed valve causes pressure build up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what can be a result of stenosis

A

increased back pressure and therefore a loss of stroke volume

25
is regurgitation an opening or closing problem?
closing problem (REgurg, REverse)
26
name three characteristics of regurgitation
1) valves dont close properly so leaflets dont meet in systole 2) blood flows in reverse at diastole 3) volume problem
27
what three things can cause aortic stenosis?
degenerative VD, rheumatic VD, bicuspid instead of truicuspid aortic valve
28
How does calcium play a part in aortic stenosis?
Calcium is deposited over time in the valve so it doesn't open as well as it did before
29
what is the consequence of aortic stenosis on the LV wall?
thicker as its working harder - then over time the heart is hypertrophic (thin walls and symptoms develop)
30
what are 6 symptoms of aortic stenosis?
SAD (syncope, angina and dyspnoea), fatigue, sudden death and arrhythmia
31
what are two key features of aortic stenosis and what do they cause?
1) obstruction of flow - causes SAD, fatigue, palpitation and murmur (only when severe, early has no symptoms) 2) Pressure overload - genereates high systolic pressure in LV to force blood through thee obstruction (initially thick LV then thinning of whole heart)
32
what causes a baggy and non functional heart chamber?
pressure overload in aortic stenosis
33
what heart sounds are heard in aortic stenosis?
normally - crescendo then decrescendo when severe - quiet murmur as LV is so weak its a low pressure system and less turbulent flow
34
what are the two main causes of aortic regurgitation?
endocarditis and ageing
35
what are two characteristics of aortic regurgitation?
dilation of the aortic valve ring due to hypertrophy and bicuspid aortic valve
36
what is the main consequence of aortic regurgitation
volume overload - blood flows back into the LV in diastole - LV stretches to compensate for increased volume and eventually the LV walls dont recoil back
37
Name two instances where there may be aortic regurgitation due to high volume circulation
pregnancy and anaemia
38
what are the sequence of consequences of aortic regurgitation?
- High volume in LV due to blood leaking back in diastole - LV dilates and fails - LA enlargement due to high pressure from LV - Increased fluid in LA which goes to lungs and alveoli = pulmonary vein hypertension - Fluid in the alveoli causes pulmonary oedema
39
what type of heart failure can be a consequence of aortic regurgitation?
congestive (starts on left and spreads to right)
40
what are the main symptoms of aortic regurgitation
often asymptomatic - dyspnoea due to increased pressure n lungs - can be acute - sudden PE which is fatal
41
what type of murmur does mitral regurgitation give?
pan systolic - leaflets fail too close due to stretch/damage - blood LV to LA with turbulence (through the whole of systole)
42
what are the three principal causes of mitral regurgitation
1) valvular - prolapse of valve, infection or degeneration 2) muscular - chordal rupture or papillary muscle failure 3) dilation - valve ring stretched and pulled due to LV dilation
43
what are the two main causes of mitral regurgitation
degenerative or infective
44
is there an increase in pressure in mitral regurgitation?
No - LV and LA have time to compensate and dilate so there is increase volume but not effect on pressure
45
How is acute mitral regurgitation characterised?
no time for compensation so increased pressure in the lungs causing pulmonary oedema
46
what can be a serious consequence of mitral regurgitation?
PE - volume overload in the LV therefore blood flows to LA - blood to lungs and PE
47
what are the symptoms of mitral regurgitation?
- dyspnoea (due to increased pressure on lungs) - lethargy and decreased exercise tolerance - palpitations (AF due to high pressure in atria) - peripheral oedema (compensation) angina
48
what causes a mid systolic click to be heard?
mitral valve prolapse - leaflet prolapses back into the LA and causes regurgitation
49
what is the principle cause of mitral stenosis?
rheumatic fever
50
what does mitral stenosis cause?
LA volume increases which increases back pressure on the lungs and right haert
51
is mitral stenosis volume or pressure overload?
pressure (due to narrowed valve orifice)
52
what are the main consequences of mitral stenosis?
- dyspnoea due to increase pressure on lungs and right heart - increased pressure close to lungs therefore increased risk of PE
53
what type of murmur is heard in mitral stenosis
late diastolic murmur
54
what are the main symptoms of mitral stenosis?
LUNG SYMPTOMS - dyspnoea - peripheral oedema - haemoptysis (pressire in LA pushes on trachea) - palpitations and systemic emboli due tot AF - fatigue - compressive symptoms - pressing on trachea and oesophagus therefore dysphagia
55
what are three principle ways to manage VHD?
- medical - deal with consequences eg give HF medication - surgical - valve repair or replacement - percutaneous - BAV/TAVI
56
what are the two types of valve replacement?
- mechanical - requires lifelong warfarin but lasts longer - biological - may only last for 10 years
57
how doe transcatheter valve replacement work?
- percutaneously - pushes old valve aside and puts in a new one - catheter put into large artery. and inflate a balloon to push the old one aside then deliver a new valve eon the balloon
58
what group is transcatheter valve replacement good for?
elderly - non surgical and shorter recovery

BSMS 103 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions