Theme 1 - Pleura and lungs

Question 1

what are the three divisions of the pleural cavity?

Answer 1

left, right and mediastinum

Question 2

what embryological weeks does respiratory development start?

Answer 2

4-6 weeks

Question 3

what germ layer does the pleura and lungs develop from?

Answer 3

endoderm

Question 4

where do the parietal and viscera pleura connect?

Answer 4

at the hilum

Question 5

what does visceral pleura line and what does it look like?

Answer 5

closely adheres to lung fissures and is smooth/slippery

Question 6

what does parietal pleura line and how many parts are there?

Answer 6

lines the internal thoracic wall and has four parts

Question 7

what are the four parts of parietal pleura?

Answer 7

cervical, costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal

Question 8

what provides sympathetic innervation to the lung and what does this cause?

Answer 8

the sympathetic trunk

- causes dilation of bronchioles and constriction of pulmonary vasculature

Question 9

what is parasympathetic innervation to the lung and what does this cause?

Answer 9

vagus nerve

- causes dilation of pulmonary vasculature and constriction of bronchioles

Question 10

what is found between the visceral and parietal pleura and what does this allow?

Answer 10

serous fluid

- allows sliding and decreases surface tension

Question 11

what are pleural recesses and where are they found?

Answer 11

areas of excess space

• found costomediastonal (around bottom)
• costodiaphragmatic (just the bottom)

Question 12

what is the innervation to the four different parts of the parietal pleura?

Answer 12

• cerival = first IC nerve
• costal = IC nerves
• diaphragmatic - phrenic and lower IC
• mediastinal - phrenic

Question 13

what innervates the visceral pleura?

Answer 13

autonomic nerves from the pulmonary plexi

Question 14

what is the sequence of lymph drainage from the lung?

Answer 14

drains into the hilum, into hilarity nodes, then tracheobroncho then para tracheal nodes

Question 15

how many lobes and fissures does the right lung have and what are they called?

Answer 15

3 lobes - upper, middle and lower lobe

two fissures - oblique and horizontal

Question 16

which lung lobes does each fissure seperate?

Answer 16

oblique separates the lower from mid and upper in R lung and upper from lower in L lung
horizontal separates the upper and lower in R lung

Question 17

what circulation brings oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and visceral pleura?

Answer 17

bronchial circulation

Question 18

where do the left and right bronchial arteries branch from?

Answer 18

right from the intercostal arteries

left from the descending aorta directly

Question 19

where do the bronchial veins terminate?

Answer 19

in the azygos vein

Question 20

what level does the trachea start and end?

Answer 20

start at the larynx at C6 and runs to T4/5

Question 21

where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 21

at the sternal angle - T4/5

Question 22

which bronchi is wider and shorter?

Answer 22

right

Question 23

which bronchus has three secondary bronchi and which has two?

Answer 23

the right has 3 and the left has 2 (one for each lobe of the lung)

Question 24

do conducting bronchioles have cartilage in their wall?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what % of pneumocytes in the lung are type I?

Answer 25

95%

Question 26

which type of pneumocytes produce surfactant?

Answer 26

type II