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BSMS 103 > Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

what three things does BP control depend on?

A

peripheral resistance, cardiac output and blood volume

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2
Q

what is the pulse pressure?

A

difference between psys and pdias (arterial pressure at systole and diastole)

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3
Q

what in the mean arterial pressure in relation to Psys and Pdias

A

1/3 way up from Dias to sys

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4
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped in one heart beat

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5
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped out the heart in one minute

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6
Q

what is the equation for CO?

A

CO = HR x SV

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7
Q

what is end diastolic volume and what is it associated with?

A

volume of blood in the ventricle and the end of diastole

- associated with preload (how stretched the muscle is)

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8
Q

what is normal end diastolic volume?

A

120ml

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9
Q

what is end systolic volume and what is the normal value?

A

volume of blood left in the ventricle at the end of contraction
- 50ml

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10
Q

What is ejection fraction and what is normal value?

A

% of filled ventricular volume pumped out in one hear beat (SV/EDV)
- normal value 55-70%

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11
Q

what is systolic volume (volume pumped out heart)

A

EDV - ESV

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12
Q

what effect does vasoconstriction have on a blood vessel?

A
  • decreases radius
  • increases local resistance
  • decreases flow
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13
Q

what is conductance?

A

1/R

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14
Q

what effect does increasing the length of a tube have on resistance?

A

increases resistance

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15
Q

name four things that influence blood vessel diameter

A

1) neural or hormonal input
2) local regulation
3) immune system
4) haemostasis

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16
Q

what effect does exercise have on BP at diastole and systole?

A

Lower diastolic BP, higher systolic BP (increased heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure)

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17
Q

what effect does exercise have on peripheral vessels and splanchnic (GI) vessels?

A

peripheral vasodilation (gets more blood to muscles and skin) and splanchnic vasoconstriction

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18
Q

what is normal CO at rest and at exercise?

A

rest - 5L/min and exercise 23L/min

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19
Q

what happens to systolic and diastolic BP on standing?

A

no change to systolic, increase in diastolic and increase in HR

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20
Q

how do the blood vessels react to standing?

A
  • initial drop in BP then compensates to normal BP
  • peripheral vasoconstriction in the legs causing increased HR
    (blood is initially pooled in the legs then increased heart rate gets it back to the heart)
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21
Q

what are the three main controllers of systemic blood pressure?

A

1) local by endothelial cells and NO
2) ANS - (noradrenaline)
3) humoral control (renal, pituitary and adrenal)

22
Q

how does increased sheer force impact a blood vessel?

A

increases vasodilation and is atheroprotective

23
Q

what type of flow increases shear force?

A

laminar flow

24
Q

what impact does turbulent flow have on blood vessels?

A

pushes on endothelial cells and decreases vasodilation

25
Q

what brain structures regulate ANS drive to blood vessels?

A

higher brain centres, hypothalamus, medullary centres

26
Q

what does increased sympathetic/parasympathetic impact do to blood vessels

A
  • sympathetic causes vasoconstriction, increase heart rate, increased peripheral resistance, BP and CO
  • psym decreases heart rate but not much effect on bv
27
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A

aortic arch and carotid sinus (internal carotid)

28
Q

which nerves convey pressure information from the aortic arch and carotid sinus to the medulla?

A
  • aortic arch - vagus

- carotid sinus - glossopharyngeal

29
Q

what is the frank starling mechanism?

A

increase in stroke volume in response to increased stretching of the heart

30
Q

what effect does high EDV have on SV?

A

increased SV due to more blood in the heart, exerting more pressure on muscle cells and therefore stronger ejection (Frank starling)

31
Q

what is venous return and what does it lead to?

A

rate of blood returning to the heart via the veins which leads to preload

32
Q

what is preload?

A

the initial stretching of the cardiomyocytes during diastole

33
Q

what is volume overload?

A

too much venous return which increases preload and the heart can’t respond properly

34
Q

what four things can affect pre load?

A
  • increased ventricular filling
  • heart rate (Lower heart rate gives ventricles more time to fill)
  • atrial contraction (increased contraction means increased V filling)
  • central venous pressure
35
Q

what is compliance?

A

the ability of something to stretch

36
Q

how do low and high compliance affect pressure in ventricles?

A
  • high compliance - stretches if there is more fluid therefore no increase in pressure
  • low compliance - cant stretch so increased pre load leads to increased pressure
37
Q

what is afterload?

A

the resistance that chambers must overcome to eject blood (the resistance during systole)

38
Q

what two things can increase after load and what can this lead to?

A
  • back pressure from aorta or pulmonary arteries
  • exit valves failing to open

can lead to pressure overload

39
Q

what are two features of pulmonary circulation in relation to blood vessels?

A

increased density of capillaries and decreased vascular resistance

40
Q

what is the endocrine controller of blood pressure in the lungs?

A

ACE

41
Q

what is the composition of gases in the lungs?

A

low O2 and high CO2

42
Q

how do blood vessels ensure blood is adequately oxygenated?

A

vasoconstriction to slow blood flow

43
Q

is cardiac circulation mostly during systole or diastole?

A

diastole as at systole the arteries are squeezed and blood cant flow

44
Q

what happens to the diaphragm and thoracic pressure on inspiration?

A

diaphragm moves down which increases IC space and decreases pressure - air moves in

45
Q

what effect does inspiration have on the abdominal cavity and what does this cause?

A

diaphragm moves down which pushes on the abdomen cavity

  • increases pressure in abdomen and decreased pressure in thorax
  • blood therefore moves into the thorax from the legs etc (moves along pressure gradient)
46
Q

is systolic or diastolic BP mostly implicated in hypertension?

A

diastolic

47
Q

what is orthostatic hypertension and what are the symptoms?

A

decreased BP on standing due to decreased venous return

- dizziness, syncope

48
Q

what is shock?

A

decreased perfusion of blood to the body as the heart is not pumping enough blood

49
Q

what are the two main compensatory mechanisms for shock?

A

tachycardia and tachypnoea

50
Q

what are the symptoms of lack of compensation for shock?

A

decreased urine output, hypotension, confusion, syncope and acidosis

BSMS 103 (23 decks)

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