The Working Cell - Ch. 5 Flashcards
diffusion
movement of molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration
osmosis
passive transport of water across selectively permeable membrane; a kind of diffusion
What type of membrane transport requires energy?
Active Transport
What’s the major difference between active and passive transport besides energy requirement?
Active transport is the movement of a substance AGAINST the concentration– from low concentration to high, instead of high to low.
hypertonic
solutions with higher concentration of solute; lower concentration of water
hypotonic
solution with lower concentration of solute; higher concentration of water
isotonic
solutions of equal concentration
Which type of environment is best for animal cells?
isotonic environment
Which type of environment is best for plant cells?
hypotonic environment
An animal cell placed in a ____ solution would swell and maybe burst.
hypotonic
An animal cell or plant cell will shrivel/shrink when placed in a ____ solution.
hypertonic
osmoregulation
control of water balance
exocytosis
movement of material OUT of the cytoplasm using vesicles
endocytosis
movement of material INTO the cytoplasm using vesicles
energy
the ability to do work
What’s the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy?
Potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of movement.
What’s the First Law of Thermodynamics?
energy in the universe cannot be created nor destroyed; can only change form
What’s the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
As energy changes forms, it always results in greater entropy (disorder)
Higher entropy = _____ disorder (higher or lower)
higher
What are the different forms of energy?
Radiation (light)
Thermal (heat)
Chemical
enzymes
specialized proteins that accelerate chemical reactions
____ determines which reaction an enzyme catalyzes
shape
a substrate fits into a region of the enzyme called ____
active site
What’s a substrate?
specific reactant that an enzyme acts on
competitive enzyme inhibition
mimics the substrate and competes for the active site
noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
causes the action site to change shape, and it no longer functions
transport proteins
membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane
ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of three _______
phosphate groups. Each phosphate group is negatively charged.
What happens to ATP when the phosphate at the tip of the triphosphate tail is released?
ADP. The phosphate that is released is then transferred to another molecule, which provides energy for cellular work.
Is ATP a renewable resource? T/F
True. ATP can be restored by adding a phosphate group back to ADP, and the cycle can continue.
