Lab Flashcards
What does the diopter ring do?
allows you to adjust focus of left ocular lens
Name all of the objective lenses
4x low power - red
10x med power - yellow
40x high power - blue
100x oil immersion - white
Diameter of field _____ as magnification _______.
Diameter of field DECREASES as magnification INCREASES
Why do we include water as one of our solutions to be tested? [Organic Molecule Lab]
Water is a negative control. Negative controls ensure that there is no effect when there should indeed be no effect.
What happens if the antibiotic is effective on antibiotic disks? (petri dish bacteria lab)
If it is effective, a ring of growth inhibition around the disk will appear. It will be clear.
What’s the type of muscular tissue we looked at in class?
Skeletal muscle. The skeletal muscle contains many long, cylindrical cells as well as distinct striations (stripes).
What does this picture show?
Cuboidal Cells
What’s an example of connective tissue that we looked at?
Elastic cartilage. These tissues have connective/elastic fibers as well as a lacunae, where the cartilage cell is found.
How can you easily distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell?
They have a square or rectangular shape. This is due to the cell wall.
Where are columnar cells located?
The intenstines
What kingdom is the Volvox in?
Kingdom Protista. They do photosynthesize, but they are single-celled organisms.
What type of nervous tissue did we look at in class?
Motor neurons. Neurons exist to conduct impules to, from, or within the central nervous system. Contains nucleus, dendrites, and the axon.
What does Ninhydrin test for?
Amino Acids
-will change to purple if positive
What does this picture show?
An amoeba.
What does the iris diaphragm do?
controls amount of light together with the condenser; affects sharpness of image
What does this picture show?
Squamous Cells
What type of cells line the inside of your cheek?
Squamous Cells (epithelial tissue). They have a broad, flat shape.
Which antibiotics work best against S. epidermidis?
Lysol and antibacterial soap. Their zones of inhibition were large, around 30mm and 40mm.
- Test Tubes
- Beaker
- Mortar and Pestle
- Test Tube Holder
- Forceps
- Coverslip
- Slide
- Erlenmeyer Flask
- Pipette (Dropper)
- Graduated Cylinder
What are antiseptics?
A substance that kills cells and usually employed to control infectious agents on living tissues. Examples: mouthwash, ethanol
What does Lugol’s Test test for?
Polysaccharides
-will change from yellow/brown to dark blue if positive
What does this picture show?
Elodea Leaf Cell (plant cell)
What does the revolving nosepiece do?
allows you to change the objective lens
What is depth of field?
The distance from the subject closest to the lens which is in acceptable sharp focus to the subject furthest from the lens which is also in acceptable sharp focus
What does the voltage regulator do?
allows you to adjust the intensity of the light source
What are antibiotics?
Natural or synthetic substances that kill/inhibit growth of microorganisms
What does this picture show?
Skeletal Muscle
What does Benedict’s Test test for?
Monosaccharides
-will change from blue to various colors if positive
What does this picture show?
Elastic cartilage (connective tissue)
If the magnification of your objective lens is 40x, what is the total magnification?
400x
What does Biuret’s Reagent test for?
Proteins
-will change from blue to purple if positive
What does this picture show?
Volvox. Notice the daughter colonies and how cells are “hanging” together.
What kingdom is the amoeba in?
Kingdom Protista
What are the four types of animal tissues?
- epithelial tissue - body surfaces or tissues, lines body cavities, forms glands
- connective tissue - protects/supports body and its organs
- muscular tissue - responsible for movement
- nervous tissue - initiates + transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activity
What are the 3 types of mucular tissues?
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle
There are three cell types found in epithelial tissues (a type of animal tissue). What are they?
- Squamous cells
- Cuboidal cells
- Columnar cells
What does this picture show?
Columnar Cells
What does this picture show?
Motor Neuron (nervous tissue)
What does the urease experiment test for?
The effect of concentration
What does the rennin experiment test for?
Effect of temperature
Why was there no curdling in the 0 degree bath and 75 degree bath (Rennin Experiment)?
0 degrees- Brownian motion; molecules move too slowly in the cold
75 degrees- Denaturation; extreme heat makes protein lose shape
What is the optimum temperature for the enzyme Rennin and why?
37 degrees C is ideal– body temperature
What does the enzyme urease do?
Converts urea and water to ammonia and carbon dioxide
Drops of urea are added to urease and the solution turns pink. What happened?
The pink color is a pH indicator. The solution is now basic. The release of ammonia as the reaction happens causes the solution to change from acidic to basic.
Urease Experiment: if the concentration is higher, what happens?
The reaction time is faster. The higher the [], the faster the reaction.
What does the enzyme catalase do?
Speeds up breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
Does sand or potato contain the enzyme catalase?
Potato does contain catalase, but not sand. Sand is the control group.
Macerated potato had the greatest effervescence (foaming) because when enzymes in the cube of potato were smashed, more enzymes were brought out.
What happened when you added NaOH (a strong base) to macerated potato? What about HCl (strong acid?)
There was no foaming. This is due to denaturation. The acid HCl had a + test result; minimum foaming. The neutral solution, water, was the best pH for the enzyme.
What happens during plasmolysis?
Water is sucked out of cells due to being a hypertonic environment.
What is deplasmolysis?
The reverse of plasmolysis. It returns to normal, hypotonic environment.
What diffuses faster, a large molecule or a small molecule?
Small molecule
What’s the equation to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
C = 0.5(F - 32)
What’s the equation to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?
F = 1.8(C) + 32
What happens to the stomata in a HYPOTONIC environment?
It opens up.
Which solutions tested positive for monosaccharides in Benedict’s Test?
Glucose
Onion Juice
Potato Slice
Which solutions tested positive for polysaccharides in Lugol’s Test?
Starch, Potato Slice
Which solution tested positive for proteins in Biuret Test?
Egg albumin
What are the substrates and products for Rennin, Urease, and Catalase?
Rennin: Milk …. Curdling
Urease: Urea …. Ammonia + CO2
Catalase: Hydrogen Peroxide …. Water + Oxygen
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a selectively-permeable membrane, from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration (from hypotonic to hypertonic).
What happened to the Elodea Leaf cell when plasmolysis occured?
Water was sucked out of the cell. The chloroplasts clumped together.
What’s the name of the waxy layer of a leaf that prevents water loss?
Cuticle
What is Rf value?
distance pigment migrated
distance solvent migrated
What’s the order of the pigments in the paper chromatography experiment, from farthest traveled to shortest?
- Carotene (orange)
- Xanthophylls (yellow)
- Chlorophyll a (blue-green)
- Chlorophyll b (yellow-green)
What are the different types of vegetation?
Forest (dense vegetation, lots of moisture)
Woodland (scattered trees) *like in Briones
Savanna (grasses, some trees)
Grassland (all grass)
Chaparral (no trees or grass, just shrubs)
Identify the tree.
Blue Oak– blue-green tint, irregular margin
Identify the tree.
Valley Oak– lobed margin
Identify the tree.
Coast Live Oak– Spiky/Spiny margin; curving of leaf keeps more moisture
Identify the shrub.
Toyon– serrated margin
Identify the shrub.
California Sagebrush– small leaves, light color (both drought adaptations)
Do southfacing or northfacing slopes receive more sun?
Southfacing slopes receive more solar radiation.
Northfacing slopes are more moist and green.
Do Big Leaf Maple trees grow in southfacing or northfacing slopes?
Northfacing.
Identify the tree.
California Bay Laurel– entire (smooth) margin
