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Edexcel A-Level Geography > The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity Fact Attack > Flashcards

The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity Fact Attack Flashcards

1
Q

List three pros of hard engineering techno-fixes in China?

A

Provides 500 million people with clean water in an area susceptible to drought, Diverts 44.8 bullion cubic metres of water per year, Avoids water shortages and supplies the growing population.

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2
Q

List three disadvantages of hard engineering techno-fixes in China?

A

330,000 people were relocated due to the expansion of the reservoir, The area where water is taken from is not immune to drought and in 2011 the water levels were too low in the reservoir for water to be transported to the North, Costs $62 billion to build.

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3
Q

List three reasons why not all countries can use a techno-fix?

A

Requires a lot of money which some countries can’t pay such as Chad that is part of the Sahel has a GDP of 9.6 billion which is much less than China’s water transfer project cost, Some countries are land locked such as Chad and Niger and so cannot use techniques such as desalination as there is no ocean, Education and technology may not be available to poorer countries.

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4
Q

List three reasons why China needed a techno-fix?

A

Beijing and Northern China is home to over 500 million people, more than the entire population of the USA, The North is under the Hadley cell and air is sinking which creates a very dry environment, Population is growing 0.5% annually.

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5
Q

List three reasons why a techno-fix was the best solution for China?

A

Had a lot of money available for an expensive solution with a GDP of 11.2 trillion (the second highest in the world), Needed a quick solution, Needed to be sustainable as the reservoir is supplied by mountain springs in the South.

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6
Q

What is the population of China?

A

1.379 billion

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7
Q

By how much is the population expected to increase by 2050?

A

400 million

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8
Q

What is the average rainfall in North and South China?

A

115cm in North China and 203.2cm in South China

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9
Q

How much water does California desalinise?

A

50 million gallons of drinking water per day

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10
Q

How much did the 8 desalinisation plants cost?

A

$34.3 million

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11
Q

What date did the UK 2007 floods happen?

A

28th July 2007

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12
Q

How many deaths were there in the 2007 floods?

A

13

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13
Q

How many homes and businesses were flooded (2007)?

A

55,357

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14
Q

How many insurance claims were there in the 2007 floods?

A

180,000

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15
Q

What was the total cost to UK economy for repairs from the 2007 floods?

A

£3.2 billion

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16
Q

How much per hectare of land flooded did farmers lose in the 2007 floods?

A

£1,150

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17
Q

How much was the cost of damages for infrastructure in the 2007 floods?

A

£660 million

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18
Q

How many properties were without water on the 24th July 2007?

A

140,000

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19
Q

2007 was the wettest summer since…?

A

1766

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20
Q

How many properties went without power for 48 hours in the 2007 floods?

A

50,000

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21
Q

What was the UN definition of Water Scarcity?

A

It is the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable drinking water for sustaining livelihoods, human wellbeing and socio-economic development.

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22
Q

What are the main causes of Human water insecurity?

A

Thermal pollution, Over farming, Over abstraction, Deforestation, Over population

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23
Q

How much of the world’s population lives in areas that receive less than 25% of global population?

A

66%

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24
Q

What percentage of the world’s river systems are impeded by dams?

A

60%

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25
By 2025, how many people will be living in absolute water insecurity?
1.8 billion
26
As of 2017, how much water is still left in Lake Mead (Las Vegas)?
40%
27
How much water does it take to irrigate one acre?
27,154 gallons of water will cover one acre, one inch deep.
28
How far away is water being sourced to refill The Edwards Aquifer?
100 miles away
29
In 2010 how many dams were there worldwide?
845,000
30
How many acres a second are deforested in the Amazon rain forest?
2 football fields a second
31
How much did water availability decrease between 1950 and 2005?
34-76%
32
What is the definition of water insecurity?
It occurs when the demand of the population exceeds the availability of water sources.
33
What percentage of the Earth's water is fit for human consumption?
3%
34
How many people experience the problem of water shortages?
2.7 billion
35
How many people lack access to safe water?
1 in 9
36
What is salt water encroachment?
The movement of saline water into fresh water aquifers
37
What does the population gorwth vary between?
2.2 and 3.8%
38
What are the 6 main physical causes for water insecurity?
Population growth, food production, climate change and vulnerability, land use, water quality and water demand.
39
How much of an increase of agricultural water consumption will we see by 2050?
19%
40
How many gallons per day does the average American use compared to how much is needed to sustain a human?
158 gallons -12 gallons
41
Whatis the average precipitation rate in tropical climates?
No less than 1,680 mm and can exceed 10 m
42
How many tributaries does the Amazon Rainforest have?
17
43
How much freshwater water is expelled from the Amazon River into the Atlantic Ocean every second?
Around 7,381,000 cubic feet
44
Is the soil in tropical rainforests high or low in nutrients?
Low
45
How many square kilometres on either side of the equator did tropical rainforests occupy and how many do they now?
Was 24 million, now 10 million
46
How many degrees latitude are topical climate normally found at?
10° North and South of the equator
47
What is the mean monthly temperature in tropical climates?
18°c minimum
48
What percentage of the forest floor receives sunlight?
2%
49
What is the average evapotransipiration rate in tropical climates?
<0.25
50
Over a year, how much does the average temperature vary by?
2°c
51
What is the length and source of the river Nile?
4,345 miles long and its source is in Rio Mantaro located in Huancayo Peru
52
When is there the least and most discharge in the Amazon?
In hot months of September to November there is least precipitation and discharge and in cooler months of January to June precipitation peaks with highest discharge.
53
Role of geology on the Amazon River?
It's made from sedimentary layers of soft clay and sand deposits. Few rocks survive journey from Andes and the soil is thin and lack nutrients due to erosion.
54
What are the inputs and outputs of the Amazon River?
Precipitation of up to 3000mm in a year and outputs are river discharge at 209,000m³/s
55
What is the climate in Yukon River Basin?
In Peru at source its warm and humid all year with average temperature of 31°, as you move down stream climate is similar but temperature decreases to 17°. Nearer the mouth in Brazil it's a tropical climate with no defined seasons.
56
Where is the Yukon River basin and how big is it?
It's located between the Yukon Territory in Canada and Alaska over 330,000 m² and 1980 miles in length.
57
Geology of the Yukon River basin?
It's got many types of rocks including igneous and metmorphic. There is also needle leaf forest, ice and shrub lands with permafrost dominating the Yukon River basin.
58
What is the hydrology of the Yukon River basin?
Drains from the east to the west and the river basin is usually frozen for 8 months out of the year.
59
Climate in the River Nile Basin?
It varoes but precipitation annually is 19 inches a year, with average temperature of 30° in summer and -40° in winter.
60
How many people live within the Nile Basin?
Over 300 million
61
What percentage of water is abstracted for Egypt?
95%
62
How long is the Nile?
6,700km long
63
In what year was the Nile agreement?
1929
64
For water conflicts to develop what figure does it have to be below?
1,000 cubic metres per person
65
With the water allocation agreement what countries did it favour?
Egypt and Sudan
66
The Nile is sourced by how many countries?
11
67
What are the names of all the Nile states?
Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt.
68
What are the 2 main tributaries of the Nile?
White Nile and Blue Nile
69
Approximately what percentage of the world's population live within a drainage basin?
40%
70
When did decline in precipitation in Australia first set in?
1970
71
By what percentage will average rainfall decline by over south west Australia later this century?
40%
72
How much Km³ of water is stored in the great artesian basin?
65.0 km³
73
By what percentage has grounwater extraction increased between the early 1980s and early 2000s in Australia?
100%
74
How long did the drought last for in Australia?
Over a decade from late 1990s to 2010
75
How long has the Sahel been suffering from drought?
Since 1980
76
What human activaties contribute to drought?
Overgrazing, over cultivation and the collection of firewood.
77
How many children under 5 in the Sahel are at risk of acute malnutrition due to drought?
1 million
78
How much was grain production down by in the Sahel?
36% down on the previous year and 20% lower than the average for the past 5 years.
79
How long are growing seasons in the Sahel?
1-2 months oer year
80
How many aquifers does Singapore have?
0
81
The demand for water in Singapore is expected to what in the next 50 years?
Double
82
How much water can be lost from a typical kithcen leak?
10,000 litres
83
Households participating in the water conservation awareness programmes save up to what % of water each month?
5%
84
PUB encourages businesses in Singapore to cut down on water usage by what %?
10%
85
Why are water prices high in Sinagpore?
To try and reduce water consumption
86
How are leaks minimised in Singapore?
Replacing ageing pipes
87
What has Singapore's water consumption dropped to since 2003?
From 165 litres per day to 151 litres per day.
88
What doe Singapore aim to reduce its water consumption to?
147 litres by 2020 and 140 litres by 2030
89
What do some hotels in Singapore do to reduce water consumption?
Encourage guests to re-use linen and towels to save laundry water.
90
State three ways humans can disrupt the drainage basin cycle.
Deforestation, Changing land use, creating new water storage reservoirs or by over abstracting water.
91
Where os Amazonia?
Amazonia is in the Amazon Rainforest located in South America.
92
How many square km does the Amazon basin cover?
7,000,000 km²
93
What percentage of the Amazon Rainforest is in Brazil?
60% of the rainforest is in Brazil
94
What is the annual rate of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest (in km²)?
27,423 km² deforested a year (current of 2004)
95
In August 2007 what did Brazilian president Michel Temer implement to promote conservation in the Amazon?
Establish an Amazonia nature reserve the size of Denmark.
96
Between 2000 and 2006 how much forest did Brazil lose?
150,000 km² of Amazon rainforest deforested
97
Name a manmade dam in Brazil.
Lake Balbina is a manmade reservoir in Brazil created to supply HEP to the city of Manaus in Brazil.
98
How much does cattle farming make up the reason for deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest?
Cattle farming makes up 60% of deforestation in the Amazon.
99
What does the Amaon River measure from Mouth to Source?
6275 km long from source to mouth
100
How many states does the river Colorado run through?
7
101
How long is the river Colorado?
1450 miles long
102
How many people does the Colorado river supply water for?
25 million
103
How much farm land does the Colorado river supply?
3.5 million acres
104
How many national parks are along the river Colorado?
11
105
What is the famous dam along the river Colorado?
Hoover dam built in 1935
106
What does Colorado River mean?
Translates to red river die to the red silt within the river.
107
How high is the origin/source of the river Colorado?
9000 feet
108
How old is the river Colorado?
5 million years old
109
What wonder of the world does the river Colorado contain?
The Grand Canyon
110
What is the basin size of the river Nile?
1,300,000 square miles
111
How much does the river Nile discharge per second?
680,000 gallons per second
112
How much water is Egypt entitled to from the Nile?
Egypt is entitled to 55.5 billion cubic metres per year
113
What is the average depth of the river Nile?
8-11 metres (26-36 feet)
114
Where does the Nile River begin?
Burundi
115
Where is the mouth of the river Nile?
Mediterranean Sea
116
Why is the river Nile famous?
It is the longest river in the world.

Edexcel A-Level Geography (16 decks)

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