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Edexcel A-Level Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of Flows?

A

-Culture
-Ideas
-Good and Services
-People
-Money

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2
Q

What is Agglomeration?

A

Things located next to each other.

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3
Q

What are the Positives of a competition led market?

A

-Increase in consumer choice
-Decrease in prices
-More innovation as they’re competing so have to make it better
-State expenditure decreases (government, less taxes)

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4
Q

What is a Negative of a competition led market?

A

-No equal access

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5
Q

What is a Trade Bloc?

A

A type of intergovernmental agreement where barriers to trade in a world region are reduced or eliminated.

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6
Q

What are the Positives of Trade Blocs?

A

-Compromise and concession.
-National Firms can merge to form transnational companies.
-Protection from foreign competitors and political stability.
-Bigger markets (but no extra taxes).

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7
Q

What are the Negatives of Trade Blocs?

A

-Loss of sovereignty
-Interdependence

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8
Q

What is a Switched On place?

A

A place that is strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services

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9
Q

What is a Switched Off place?

A

A place that is poorly connected and isolated from global networks.

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10
Q

What is Economic Globalisation?

A

The growth of TNCs accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components, goods, shares, portfolio investments and purchasing.

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11
Q

What was India’s Globalisation Index in 2020?

A

63 compared to the world average which was 61.4.

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12
Q

What was India’s GDP in 2021?

A

$3.71 trillion at a growth rate of 8.9%.

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13
Q

Where did India’s IT Industry start its success?

A

Bangalore

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14
Q

What is an example of a TNC which is located in India?

A

Apple
-Apple opened its first development centre in Hyperabad in 2016.
-This facility alone employes around 4,000 people.
-Apple has also opened an app design development accelerator in Bangalore.

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15
Q

What is an Advantage of TNCs locating in Developing/Emerging countries?

A

The TNCs encourage better education as many of them offer training to employees.

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16
Q

What is a Disadvantage of TNCs locating in Developing/Emerging countries?

A

Many TNCs are owned by foreign countries so economic leakage could occur, where profit is sent abroad. This means that less profit goes to the host country, therefore slowing down development.

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17
Q

How has India Benefitted from Globalisation in terms of Infrastructure Investment?

A

Infrastructure Investment: Globalisation can lead to increased trade and investment opportunities which allows there to be more job opportunities.

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18
Q

How has India Benefitted from Globalisation in terms of Waged Work?

A

Waged Work: Low skilled work has decrease in India, as primary jobs such as agriculture, have declined by less than 15% whilst high waged work has gone on the rise, holding 40% of India’s IT industry. India’s It service companies are now some of the world’s best, employing nearly 10 million

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19
Q

How has India Benefitted from Globalisation in terms of Poverty Reduction?

A

Globalisation leads to more jobs which decreases poverty levels and develops the country so it has more money so they can invest into improving living conditions.

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20
Q

How has India Benefitted from Globalisation in terms of Educations and Training?

A

Some big benefits of globalisation in education include greater awareness of other cultures, better transnational collaboration, reduced discrimination and racism, the spread of technology and innovation, and higher standards of living across India. People receive a better education so therefore can have better jobs.

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21
Q

What are the costs of Globalisation in India in terms of Loss of Productive Land?

A

Globalisation has meant that more land is being used to build new infrastructure so there are now less greenfield sites that could’ve been used for agriculture to feed the growing population.

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22
Q

What are the costs of Globalisation in India in terms of Unplanned Settlements?

A

Globalisation has also meant an increase in technology like machines which has left many unemployed as their job was replaced. 1/6 Indian’s live in slums, making them more exposed to health risks and they have little access to economic and educational opportunities.

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23
Q

What are the costs of Globalisation in India in terms of Environmental and Resource Pressure?

A

40% of India’s forests are degraded due to globalisation and logging. In 2020, more than 3.8 million people were displaced from their homes due to natural disasters.

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24
Q

When did Detroit declare Bankrupt?

A

2013 with debts of £18.5 billion.

25
Q

How many families lived below the US federal government’s official poverty line in Detroit?

A

1/3 families

26
Q

What was Detroit’s Murder Rate in 2014?

A

45 per 100,000 people - the highest of any USA city.

27
Q

How many murders are drug related in Detroit?

A

Estimated 2/3

28
Q

What is the Challenge of Waste in Mumbai?

A

-Due to such high numbers of residents, most LEDC cities produce a huge amount of waste.
-1 million rubbish bags are collected daily in Mumbai.
-In Dharavi there is a vast recycling plant. 80% of plastic is recycled in Mumbai compared to 20% in the UK. However, this does come at a huge social cost to women and children who search amongst the rubbish.

29
Q

What is the Challenge of the Informal Economy in Mumbai?

A

-A major problem is cities is unemployment or underemployment (do not have full time continuous work). With so few jobs and so many people, people are often forced to work as part of the informal economy with no assurance of a job and no regular pay ( street sellers, shoe shiners, luggage carriers).
-The majority of people in Dharavi are working as part of the informal economy and therefore have no regular pay, no tax and their job has no regulations.
-The high unemployment rate in Dharavi means that little is being done to limit the informal economy.

30
Q

What is the Challenge of Sanitation in Mumbai?

A

-The provision of adequate water supplied and preventing the pollution of those suppliers are vital challenges. 1 billion people in the world do not have access to water and 2 billion do not have access to sanitation.
-500 people per toilet in Mumbai and 4,000 cases of diphtheria, typhoid and diheria daily.
-Water is only turned on in Dharavi for 2 hours each day. The 7 year plan was set up to rehouse residents of Dharavi into high rise blocks which are serviced with running water and sanitation.

31
Q

What is the Challenge of Housing in Mumbai?

A

-Simply trying to find enough housing for everyone is a major challenge in the developing world. Cities grow so fast that they simply cannot cope with the numbers. Therefore, due to the lack of availability of homes people build their own homes using scrap material on whatever land they find.
-Squatter settlements have emerged most famously in Dharavi which has a population of 16 million. There are 1 million people per square mile.
-7 year plan in place to rehouse slum dwellers in Dharavi into high rise blocks. Site and Service plan is to equip slum dwellers with materila to improve their own homes.

32
Q

What are the Advantages of High wage migration for the Host Country?

A

-Brings in money (every flat bought around £10 million spends £4.5 million a year in London)
-New cultures
-Trickle down effect (due to high disposable income)
-A lot of big properties are owned by russians (20% of all properties above the price of £5 million are bought by russians).

33
Q

What are the Disadvantages of High wage migration for the Host Country?

A

-Could create competition
-Could cause over population (100,000 russians call London their home).

34
Q

What are the Advantages of High wage migration for the Source Country?

A

-Provides international links from trade

35
Q

What are the Disadvantages of High wage migration for the Source Country?

A

-Massive loss of their economy
-Makes it even more underpopulated compared to its size

36
Q

What are the Advantages of Low wage migration for the Host Country?

A

-Better economy as there’s more workers (polish immigrants are estimated to boost the UK economy by £25 billion)
-New cultures

37
Q

What are the Disadvantages of Low wage migration for the Host Country?

A

-Over population (average polish woman has 2.28 children , compared to british 1.89)
-Pressure on resources (130,000 more primary schools needed to be built in the next 3 years).

38
Q

What are the Advantages of Low wage migration for the Source Country?

A

-International links
-Reduction in pressure
-Remittances

39
Q

What are the Disadvantages of Low wage migration for the Source Country?

A
  • Young economically active people are leaving (less people able to work like elderly)
40
Q

What is involved in Culture?

A

-Tradition
-Accepted norms
-Relioion and beliefs
-Language
-Art and symbols
-Values

41
Q

How does Globalisation allow for increased opportunities for Culture Exchange?

A

-Due to exchange of people
-Trading of produce
-Sharing of culture e.g TV shows

42
Q

What was the Cause for the cultural diffusion in China?

A

-Rising incomes, people now have more money to spend on things like various fast food chains -> these are things that their parents didn’t get as they lived through the famine of 1958-1961.
-To feed the rising middle class, China has turned to other global food producers. China represents $26 billion market for U.S. grains, meat, dairy producers, fibers and other goods.

43
Q

What was the Effect of the cultural diffusion in China?

A

-Chinas population is becoming more obese. there are now 100 million obese people in China. It’s estimated that in 2010, 9.7% of China’s population now has diabetes, as against 11% for America.

44
Q

What is the view of Hyper Globalisers?

A

Globalisation is a successful process. Cultures will become ever more intergrated as economies become more intergrated. The world will move towards homogenous cultures as a result.

45
Q

What is the Evidence for the view of Hyper Globalisers?

A

TNC marketing strategies create similar consumer demand across cultures, leading to uniformity in the components of culture and therefore a decline in local and national identity.

46
Q

What is the view of Transformalists?

A

Cultures are dynamic in their response to globalisation. It is not inevitable that the world will move to a homogenous culture. All cultures will change, but in different ways and new hybrid cultures may evolve.

47
Q

What is the Evidence for the view of Transformalists?

A

Rap music emerged in the cities of the USA and has spread globally. However, it had developed cultural distinct variants in different countries such as Japan and France.

48
Q

What is the view of Sceptics?

A

Globalisation is profound in the core global economies and reflects their interdependence. Beyond this core there is marginalisation not destruction of poorer groups (and their cultures).

49
Q

What is the Evidence for the view of Sceptics?

A

The rise of China, India and Iran will limit the dominance of Western Cultures and ensure continuing cultural heterogeneity at the global scale.

50
Q

How can Culture be Negatively impacted by Globalisation?

A

-Disney Corporation and Americanisation, America’s need for bigger and better is the factor promoting Americanisation and the need for material things, fast food and high tech goods.
-Loss of tribal lifestyles in Papa New Guinea, estimated that more than 7000 different cultural groups exist in Papa New Guinea. People hunt, collect wild plants and fish in order to feed themselves. Under colonial rule in Papa New Guineans expereienced polititcal, social and economic intergration.

51
Q

How can Culture be Positively impacted by Globalisation?

A

-New opportunities for disadvantaged groups, The first Paralympics held in London in 1948 for Second World War Veterans, grown in success.
-Equality and Diversity, The Birtish Nationality Act 1948 granted members of the Birtish Empire the right to live in the UK. Race Relations Act of 1968 created rights for employment and housing and was extended whereby governments were held responsible for legislation to prevent discrimination.

52
Q

What is a Transition Town?

A

It is a community project that seeks to build resilience in response to the issues of peak oil, climate change and economic instability, by creating focus groups that uphold the values of the transition network.
The main purpose is to raise awareness of sustainable living and to build local ecological resilience in the near future.

53
Q

What are the Attitudes towards Migration in the UK?

A

In 2023 32% thought that immigration numbers should be reduced -fewer than 32% said that migration was a bad thing.

54
Q

How has Cultural Identity been Protected?

A

The First Nations are the various aboriginal (being the first or earliest known of its kind present in a region) peoples of Canada
-> 634 recognised first nation governments represented at the assembly of first nations, protecting rights and culture. Culture spanning thousands of years.

55
Q

What is the Rise in the Far Right?

A

-Since 2016 Brexit referendum there has been a surge in support for nationalists. Culturally intolerant parties.
-Predicted 51.9% leave, 48.1% remain.

56
Q

What is an example of Trade Protectionism?

A

-The Bristol Pound is a local and community currency created in Bristol’s local economy .
-> aims to support independent traders, to maintain diversity in business around the city.
->Joint scheme (non-for-profit enterprise) between Bristol pound community interest company and Bristol trade credit union.

57
Q

What is Fairtrade and Ethical Consumption☆?

A

-Ethical consumption is practised through ‘positive buying’.
-> deliberately choosing purchase because of the products’ ethical nature or could mean a ‘moral boycott’, like not buying a product due to bad ethical nature.
-Aim of ethical consumption is to reduce the inequalities of global trade and improve the working conditions for disadvantaged groups.
-Empowers customers to make ethically informed consumption choices
-> ethical criteria such as animal rights, human rights, pollution and toxins.

58
Q

What is the Rise of Localism☆?

A

-Goods that were once sourced locally are now imported due to globalisation.
-Negative effects of our consumption are often experience in distant places from where it’s consumed.
-Customers often don’t know the full footprint of what they are buying.
-Some local groups and NGOs promote local sourcing as a response to globalisation, with the aim of increasing sustainability.
->Localism describes a range of political philosophies that priorities local over regional and global
-Localism supports production and consumption of goods, local control of government, and promotion of local history, local culture and local identity

59
Q

What is Resource Recycling☆?

A

-EU countries aim to recycle at least half of their muninciple waste by 2020. -> waste will be diverted from landfill and raw materials used for news consumption offering low environmental costs and employment e.g. recycling and aluminium can save 95% of energy required to make a new one.
-Increased cycling in the EU between 2001 and 2010 successfully cut greenhouse gas emissions by 56% from muninciple waste. Materials like paper, metals, glass are often recycled. Cling film, medicine packaging, razor blades and crockery and rarely recycled.
-German recycle rates are 62% whereas Romanias is 1%.

Edexcel A-Level Geography (12 decks)

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