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Edexcel A-Level Geography > Glaciated Landscapes and Change Fact Attack > Flashcards

Glaciated Landscapes and Change Fact Attack Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the time period for the Pleistocene?

A

2 million – 11,500 years ago.

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2
Q

How many years ago did the Quaternary period start?

A

2.6 million years ago

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3
Q

What are the four types of cold environments?

A

Polar, alpine, periglacial, glaciers

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4
Q

What is the average annual temperature in a polar environment?

A

-30 to -40˚C

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5
Q

18,000 years ago was the last glacial maximum, what was its name?

A

Denvensian

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6
Q

The last UK glacial advance was 12,000-10,000 years ago, what was its name?

A

Lock Lomond Stadial

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6
Q

Eccentricity of the earth’s orbit changes over a period of how many years?

A

100,000

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7
Q

What period was the Little Ice Age?

A

1550-1750

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8
Q

The earth’s wobbles on its axis over a period of how many years?

A

21,000

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8
Q

Axial tilt of the earth varies between which angles?

A

21.8˚ – 24.4˚

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9
Q

What is the average size of an ice sheet?

A

10,000 – 100,000 sq. km.

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10
Q

Surging glaciers can flow up to what distance per day?

A

100m

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11
Q

What % of all current glacier ice is contained in Antarctica?

A

85%

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12
Q

The Greenland Ice sheet consists of how much of the earth’s total ice cover?

A

11%

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12
Q

For every 100m in altitude, how much does the temperature decrease by?

A

1˚C

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13
Q

What is roughly the average amount of precipitation that periglacial environments receive each year?

A

600mm

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14
Q

How long do subsoil temperatures have to remain below 0˚C for, before they are considered permafrost?

A

2 years

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15
Q

What % of the earth experiences periglacial conditions?

A

20%

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16
Q

How % of land cover do sporadic permafrost cover?

A

Less than 50%

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17
Q

What is the range of height that pingos can reach?

A

30-70m

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18
Q

What are the names of the two types of pingo?

A

Open system and closed system

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19
Q

Ice wedge polygons are usually found where?

A

Valley floors

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20
Q

What % of Canada is covered by some form of permafrost?

A

Over 50%

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21
Q

What % of Alaska is covered by permafrost?

A

80%

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22
Q

Blockfields can be found in which area of Canada

A

Northern Manitoba

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23
Q

The transformation from neve/firn to glacier ice can take up to how many years in polar regions?

A

150 years

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24
Q

The Greenland Ice Sheet covers how much of an area?

A

1.7 million km²

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24
Q

The overall transformation of ice can take what time frame?

A

100 – 4000 years

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24
Q

What % of the world’s ice masses are experiencing ‘rising trends’ in their net negative balances?

A

75%

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25
Q

What is formed on the top of a glacier through rotational ice movement?

A

Bergschrund

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25
Q

How thick is the Greenland Ice Sheet in the centre?

A

3km

25
Q

A pyramidal peak can be found between how many cirques?

A

Three or more

25
Q

Basil slip is divided into three processes, name them.

A

Creep and regelation; extending and compressing flow; surges

25
Q

Rock flour is made up of what grade size?

A

0.1mm

25
Q

An arête is a sharp ridge between how many cirques?

A

Two

26
Q

Macro-scale landforms are how big?

A

1km or greater

27
Q

Micro-scale landforms are how small?

A

Less than 1m in length

28
Q

Material deposited underneath ice is known as what?

A

Till

29
Q

What are the two types of fluvio-glacial landforms?

A

Ice contact and pro-glacial

30
Q

Between 2002 and 2011, what was the average rate of ice loss for Greenland’s ice sheet per year?

A

215 gigatonnes

31
Q

Name the four different types of moraine.

A

Medial; lateral; recessional; terminal.

31
Q

Till that is transported and deposited in a different geological area is known as a what?

A

An erratic

32
Q

A drumlin resembles the shape of a what?

A

Oval/egg

33
Q

The erractic boulders transported by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet to the plains of Alberta weigh up to how much?

A

16,000 tonnes

34
Q

Ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet contributed how many mm per year to global mean sea level rise between 1993 and 2010?

A

0.33mm

35
Q

If the entire Greenland ice sheet melted, what would global mean sea level rise up to?

A

7m

36
Q

Roughly how many people are estimated to live less than 10m above current high-tide lines?

A

1 billion

37
Q

Roughly how many people are estimated to live less than 1m above current high-tide lines?

A

250 million

38
Q

How many times faster is the Greenland ice sheet losing ice compared to the 1990s?

A

7 times faster

39
Q

How deep does the permafrost go down to in the Yamal Peninsula?

A

300m

40
Q

What is the name of the indigenous communities that live on the Yamal Peninsula?

A

The Nenet’s

41
Q

In July 2014, what was discovered on the peninsula that was believed to be caused by methane release?

A

Large sink holes

41
Q

Reindeer herding on the Yamal Peninsula supports how many nomads?

A

10,000

42
Q

What % of Bolivia’s population lives in the High Andes?

A

70%

42
Q

What type of farming are upland glaciated regions typically used for?

A

Pastoral (livestock)

43
Q

What % of Norway’s and New Zealand’s electricity comes from HEP?

A

90%

44
Q

How many HEP stations does Switzerland have?

A

Over 500

45
Q

How many months does the growing season last in the Arctic?

A

3

46
Q

Lower Arctic latitudes are what degrees latitude?

A

70-75˚N

47
Q

What % of the world’s fresh water is locked up in ice?

A

75%

47
Q

Arctic amplification is what sort of feedback loop?

A

Positive

47
Q

During the summer months meltwater provides a water source for settlements downstream. How much water is transported on average from the Alps to nearby regions?

A

216km³

47
Q

Avalanches kill around 200 people per year, where do most of these deaths occur?

A

The Alps and the Rockies

48
Q

Zermatt in Switzerland has how many visitors per year?

A

2 million

49
Q

How many people in how many countries, depends on glacier fed rivers?

A

2 billion people in more than 12 countries.

50
Q

What % of India’s irrigated land could be affected by a reduction in glacial meltwater flowing into the Ganges-Brahmaputra system?

A

40%

50
Q

How many reservoirs does China aim to build to capture glacier runoff?

A

59

51
Q

How many miles of footpath/rights of way are there in the Lake District?

A

2000 miles

52
Q

How many tourists visit the Lake District each year?

A

16 million

53
Q

In 2014, how much money did visitors spend in the Lake District?

A

£1.1 billion

54
Q

How many jobs does tourism in the Lake District support?

A

16,000

55
Q

The Sagarmatha National Park is home to how many Sherpa people?

A

6000

56
Q

Deforestation has been a threat to the Sagarmatha National Park, how much of Nepal’s forest remain?

A

Less than 30%

57
Q

On the eastern slopes of the Rocky mountains, all of the glaciers have lost between what % of their mass since 1850?

A

Between 25 and 75%

58
Q

When did the Antarctica Treaty come into force?

A

1961

59
Q

How many countries have signed the Antarctica Treaty and what % of the world’s population does this represent?

A

60 countries; 89% of the world’s people

Edexcel A-Level Geography (12 decks)

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