Tectonic Processes and Hazards Fact Attack Flashcards
Seismic hazards are generated within what distance of the Earth’s surface?
700km
What % of earthquakes are found along plate boundaries?
95%
What % of all earthquakes are found on the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’?
70%
How many active volcanoes are their globally?
1900
On average, how many volcanoes erupt each year?
50
Volcanoes which form away from plate boundaries are called what?
Hot spots
Which theory is now less accepted as being responsible for plate movement?
Mantle Convection
Roughly how many years does the Earth’s magnetic field change direction?
400,000
Harry Hess came up with the hypothesis of what?
Seafloor spreading
What is the temperature of Earth’s inner core?
6000°c
Mid-ocean ridges extend for over how many kilometres across the world’s ocean floors?
60,000 km
How many different types of seismic waves are there?
3 (Primary, Secondary and Love)
The Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in which year?
1989
What was the time and date of the Loma Prieta earthquake?
17:04 on the 17th October
The cities (Loma Prieta’s) Marina District, which suffered the worst of the damage was built on what kind of soil?
Soft, sandy soil
What was the death toll of the Loma Prieta earthquake?
67
What was the magnitude of the Christchurch aftershock in 2011?
6.3
According to the U.S Geological Survey, what is the chance (5) of another ‘serious’ earthquake striking San Franciso in the next 30 years?
67%
What was the year of the Eyjafjallajökull earthquake in Iceland?
2010
How many commercial flights were cancelled during the Eyjafjallajökull earthquake worldwide?
100,000
What was the daily loss of revenue for Kenyan businesses because of not being able to fly fresh veg and flowers to Europe as a result of the Eyjafjallajökull earthquake?
US$1.3 million
How many people worldwide are at risk from hazards caused by volcanoes?
500 million
What temperature can lava flows reach?
1170°c
What temperature can pyroclastic flows reach?
700°c
What speed can pyroclastic flows reach?
100 km per hour
On what date did the Soufriere Hills Volcano erupt on the island of Montserrat?
18th July 1995
How many people moved to other countries as a result of the Montserrat volcanic eruption?
7000
What speed can tsunamis reach?
805 km per hour
The Indian Ocean Tsunami occurred in what year?
2004
The floor of the Indian Ocean was thrusted what distance during the Indian Ocean earthquake?
15 metres
How high was the tsunami wave that struck Banda Aceh during the Indian Ocean earthquake?
17
How many people died during the Indian Ocean earthquake?
300,000
In Thailand, how much money did the tourist industry lose per month, because of the Indian Ocean Tsunami?
US$25 million
In Sri Lanka, what % of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure was lost because of the Indian Ocean Tsunami?
60%
As a result of the Indian Ocean Tsunami, most vegetation and topsoil were removed over what distance inland?
800 metres
On what date was the earthquake in Haiti?
12th January 2010
What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Haiti?
7
What was the official death toll of the earthquake in Haiti?
230,000
What was the depth of the earthquake in Haiti?
13km
The epicentre of the earthquake in Haiti was how many km from the capital Port-au-Prince?
24km
What is the population of Port-au-Prince in 2010?
2 million
What % of government officials were killed in the earthquake in Haiti?
25%
What disease spread in October 2010 as a result of the earthquake in Haiti?
Cholera
By 2015, what was the death toll as a result of the disease outbreak in Haiti?
9,000
Internationally, how much international aid had been donated to Haiti?
US$13 billion
By 2015, how many people in Haiti were still living in temporary accommodation?
80,000
What was the date of the earthquake in China?
12th May 2008
What was the magnitude of the earthquake in China?
7.9
Overall, how many people in China were affected by the earthquake?
45.5 million
How many children were killed during the earthquake in China as a result of the collapse of school buildings?
5335
Within hours of the earthquake in China, how many soldiers and relief workers had been sent to the affected areas?
130,000
Temporary homes, roads and bridges had been built within how many weeks of the earthquake in China?
2
What led to the failure of strict building codes in China being enforced?
Corruption
How much money did the Chinese government pledge for rebuilding after the earthquake?
US$10 billion
On what date was the earthquake in Japan?
11th March 2011
What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Japan?
9
What was the official death toll of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan?
15,893
What was height reached by the tsunami in Japan?
10 metres
How many people were forced to evacuate in Japan, as a result of the damage to the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant?
47,000
What % of buildings in Japan were earthquake proof in 2011?
75%
What was built in Japan to reduce the vulnerability to tsunamis?
10 metres high walls
Within 24 hours in Japan, how many defence troops had been mobilised?
110,000
The Bank of Japan offered how much money to other Japanese banks to keep them operating?
US$183 billion
From how many countries did Japan accept help from after the earthquake?
20
In 1960, what was the global population?
Less than 3 billion
In 2016, what was the global population?
7.3 billion
In the 1990’s, what was the average economic cost of natural disasters each year?
US$20 billion
Between 2000-2010, what had the average economic cost of natural disasters risen to?
US$100 billion
A report in 2015 found that out of the most 10 at risk cities in the world, how many were there in the Philippines?
8
In most years, how many typhoons is the Philippines affected by?
15
How many volcanoes does the Philippines have?
47
What % of the population in the Philippines live within 30km of a volcano?
30%
The Philippines consist of how many islands?
7107
What was the population of the Philippines in 2015?
101 million
What % of the population in the Philippines live in poverty?
25
In 2013, the Philippines was struck by 3 disasters, what were they?
Earthquake, Typhoon Haiyan and then flooding
Overall, the three disasters that affected the Philippines in 2013 killed how many people?
6488
What was magnitude of the earthquake that struck Nepal in April 2015?
7.8
The epicentre of the earthquake that struck Nepal was how many km from the capital, Kathmandu?
80km
What was the death toll of the earthquake that struck Nepal in April 2015?
8633
In 2016, where did Nepal rank out of 229 countries for GDP per capita?
197th
How many aftershocks occurred after the initial earthquake in Nepal?
100
What was the estimated economic loss as a result of the earthquake in Nepal?
US$5 billion
What was the estimated amount needed for rebuilding work in Nepal as a result of the 2015 earthquake?
US$6.6 billion
Land-use zoning is used around which volcano in New Zealand?
Mount Taranaki
The diversion of lava flows was successful in for which volcanic eruption in 1983?
Mount Etna, Italy
In Pakistan, what materials are used to make buildings able to withstand earthquakes?
Bales of straw and strong plastic netting
In Nepal, why did volunteers travel to remote locations on bicycles in 2015?
To collect data using GPS trackers
How many times a year do children in Japan practise earthquake drills?
4
In response to the earthquake in Pakistan in 2015, NGO’s provided how many tents?
500,000
In 2011, what were the worldwide losses from earthquakes?
US$54 billion
