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Edexcel A-Level Geography > The Carbon Cycle Fact Attack > Flashcards

The Carbon Cycle Fact Attack Flashcards

1
Q

What is a petagram (Pg)?

A

One petagram, also known as a gigatonne (Gt) is equal to a trillion kilograms or 1 billion tonnes.

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2
Q

Jow long does it take carbon to enter and leave rocks and seidments in the geological cycle?

A

100,000 years

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3
Q

How old are some of the fossil fuels we use today?

A

Up to 300 million years

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4
Q

How many tonnes of carbon are stored in the UK’s fossil fuels?

A

143 billion tonnes

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5
Q

How long does it take for carbon to move between rocks, soil, ocean and atmosphere?

A

100-200 million years

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6
Q

How much CO2 was emitted each day by the Icelandic volcano eruption in 2010?

A

150,000-300,000 tonnes

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7
Q

What % did the Icelandic eruption contribute to the global emissions of GHGs in 2010?

A

0.3%

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8
Q

How many active surface volcanoes are on the planet?

A

70

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9
Q

How much energy does carbon provide worldwide?

A

30%

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10
Q

How much CO2 was released by degassing in 1992?

A

100 million tonnes

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11
Q

How much carbon do volcanoes emit annually?

A

0.15-0.26 Gt (300 million tonnes)

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12
Q

How much carbon do humans emit annually?

A

35 Gt

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13
Q

In the oceans today, what % of carbon-containing rock is from shell-building (calcifying) organisms (corals) and plankton?

A

80%

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14
Q

How much CO2 does phytoplankton sequester each year to the deep ocean?

A

2 billion tonnes

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15
Q

How many carbon compounds have been discovered?

A

10 million

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16
Q

How much of carbon makes up Earth’s atmosphere?

A

0.03%

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17
Q

How much of the total active pool of carbon is stored in the ocean?

A

95%

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18
Q

How much larger is the ocean as a carbon store than the atmosphere?

A

50 times larger

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19
Q

How much of the carbon in oceans is stored in undersea algae, plants and coral?

A

93% the remainder is in dissolved form

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20
Q

What are UK current emissions of carbon dioxide?

A

530 million tonnes of CO2

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21
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

0.04%

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22
Q

What have CO2 concentratation risen to and from over the past decade?

A

from 25% to 39%

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23
Q

How much CO2 does each person generate a year?

A

2.3 tonnes of CO2 a year

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24
Q

How is the majority of carbon stored in the oceans?

A

Dissolved inorganic carbon

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25
How important is carbon in living organisms?
Second most abundant substance in living organisms behind water.
26
By the end of the century, how much is earth temperature expected to rise by?
4°c
27
How much has atmosphere CO2 increased by in the last 300 years?
40%
28
List reasons why human activity has affected the carbon cycle?
Burning fossil fuels, deforetation and carbon sequestration.
29
A rise of 1.5° will put what percentage of species at risk of extinction?
20-30%
30
By 2080 shifting temperature may reduce brid habitats in North Ameria, which would affect how many species?
314
31
How much of global carbon is stored in soils?
20-30%
32
Since 1850, how much carbon have soils lost die to cultivation and disturbance?
40-90 billion tonnes
33
What % of global carbon emissions comes from cement production?
6%
34
How much carbon do peatlands store?
550Gt - twice as much as forest biomass combined.
35
Carbon remains in the atmosphere for how many years?
2000
36
What does energy mix mean?
The proportion of each primary energy resource a country uses per year/what energy types make up a country's energy use.
37
What does energy oathway mean?
Describe the flow of energy between the producer and consumer i.e. the journey it takes.
38
What % of fossil fuels account of the world's energy mix?
86%
39
What % of the world's energy is consumed in cities?
75%
40
How much carbon does London generate per year?
1.7 million tonnes/1.8 tonnes per capita
41
How much less is Frances energy consumptionc ompared to the USA's?
1/10 less
42
What % of the USA's energy mix is made up of fossil fuels?
80%
43
How much renewable energy makes up the USA's energy mix?
10%
44
How much nuclear energy makes up the USA's energy mix?
8%
45
How much energy does the USA import?
15%
46
What % of France's energy mix is made up of fossil fuels?
50%
47
How much renewable energy makes up France's energy mix?
10%
48
How much nuclear energy makes up France's energy mix?
40%
49
How much energy does France import?
46%
50
What is the population of the USA?
318.9 million
51
What is the population of France?
64.6 million
52
In the third quarter of 2019, which non-renewable energy source had the biggest % in the UK's energy mix and what was the %?
Natural gas - 38%
53
In 2019, how much did the amount of power generated by coal fall by?
3%
54
How long is the Nord Stream pipeline running from Russia to Germany?
1200km
55
The Russian firm Gazprom exports what % of their natural gas to Europe?
80%
56
How much of the world's oil is moved by tankers travelling on fixed shipping routes?
50%
57
How much of the world's oil travels through the 39km wide Strait of Hormuz?
20%
58
What is a choke point?
A narrow area which could easily be blocked or threatened, making energy price vulnerable to change.
59
OPEC is made up of how many countries?
12
60
OPEC owns how much of the world's oil reserves?
2/3
61
What % of known Tar Sands stock does Canada have?
73%
62
What % of known oil shale stock does the USA have?
77%
63
What os predicted to be the most used fossil fuel in 2030 and how much will be produced?
Unconventional gas - 10 million barrels (equivalent) per day.
64
How many years' worth of coal does the UK have?
150
65
What is the name of the nuclear power station that would provide 7% of the UK'S electricity?
Hinkley Point C
66
What three approaches are there for Radical Technology?
Hydrogen fuel cells; electric cars; carbon capture
67
What does CCS stand for?
Carbon capture and storage
68
What % of rainforest has Indonesia lost on the past 25 years?
25%
69
What % of temperate forests were deforested by the 19th century?
90%
70
How many hectares of land are deforested annually?
13 million ha
71
What % of deforestation occurs because of soy, palm oil, beef and paper production?
50%
72
What are the two methods used for deforestation?
Clear cutting and slash and burn
73
What are the three reasons for increasing deforestation rates in Madagascar?
Expanding population; demand for hardwoods and debt repayments.
74
Madagascar is the world's primary supplier of wha commodity?
Vanilla pods
75
How long is China's Three North Shelterbelt Porkects?
4,500km
76
What is the purpose in China's Three North Shelterbelt Projects?
To reduce deforestation
77
When did the biofuel rush occur in the American Midwest?
2007-2015
78
How many hectares of natural grassland disappeared because of the American Midwest fuel rush?
5.5 million
79
What % of the Earth's land area shifts to a new climate from a warning of 2°c?
5%
80
The Amazon Basin is responsible for what % of the total terrestrial vegetation carbon store?
17%
81
In the 2005 droughts, how much CO2 was released from the Amazon Basin?
5 billion tonnes
82
In the 2010 droughts, how much CO2 was released from the Amazon Basin?
8 billion tonnes
83
How much palm oil is produced annually in Indonesia?
60 million tonnes
84
Which country did Indonesia overtake in 2015 in terms of GHG emissions?
USA
85
Roughly how many formal and informal jobs are provided from forests globally?
13.2 million formal; 41 million informal
86
How much money did Indonesia's 'forest moratorium' from the UN and Norwegian government?
$1 billion
87
What % of UK land was forested in 2016?
13%
88
How much more acidic are our oceas compared to 1750?
30%
89
What is the ideal water temperature range for coral?
23-29°c
90
What gives coral its colour?
Algae
91
How big is the Great Barrier Reef?
1,400 miles
92
How many mass bleaching events have occured on the Great Barrier Reef between 2015 and 2020?
3
93
What % of marine species do coral reefs shelter?
25%
94
In the past few decades how much faster has the average Arctic tempertaures risen compared to the global average?
Twice as fast
95
In Yukpn, what was the % of the total icea area that has shrank between 1958 and 2008?
22%
96
Inflows to the river Yukon has increased by what % since 2000?
39%
97
How much carbon do mangroves sequester per hectare, per year?
1.5 tonnes
98
What % of global mangrove forests has been lost since 1950?
50%
99
A 4°c warming causes a loss of what % from soil organic carbon of: shallow; peat deep peat?
Shallow peat - 40% Deep peat - 86%
100
In what year was the Paris Climate Agreement adopted?
2016
101
How many countries agreed to the Paris Climate Agreement?
195
102
In what year was the Koyoto Protocol adopted?
1997

Edexcel A-Level Geography (16 decks)

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