The Wars of Religion

Question 1

Reformation Impacts on Wars

Answer 1

The protestant/catholic divide starts to mix with the political and geographical issues of Europe.

Question 2

French Wars of Religion
Catholic Monarchs

Answer 2

Francois I, Frances I, Henry II, trying to stamp out Protestantism. Calvinism is taking hold, however. You are known as a Huguenots if you are a French Calvinist. Henry III, Huguenots make up 40%. France has internal religious and regional issues with Spain. They view each other as a threat. Catherine de Medici powerful mother, who is called a politique. She wants to control power, and Henry III is a weak leader, and she takes control, leads to controversy

Question 3

French Wars of Religion
Concordant of Bologna

Answer 3

Idea that this deal that the french monarch where the pope backs off and gets some money. Catholic France, but Monarchy now has more political power than the papacy.

Question 4

War of 3 Henrys
Who are the Henrys?

Answer 4

Henry III (Catholic), Henry of Navarre (Bourbon-Huguenot), Henry Guise (Ultra Catholic, supported by the pope and nobility). Henry III is trying to hold power but isn’t very popular. Huguenots are very wealthy and have lots of influence, feel stepped on by Catholics, so Henry of Navarre becomes the symbolic head of the Huguenot family.

Question 5

War of 3 Henrys
Beginning

Answer 5

Henry N marries Henry III sister. Attempt to keep peace and to have some reconciliation with Catholics and protestants. His new wife is actually in love with Henry Guise. During the wedding, a rumor about the protestant plotting to take over the government goes around. Catherine orders the slaughter of protestant nobles right after the wedding. Becomes the St. Bartholemew’s Massacre, 30+ thousand protestants are killed. Creates chaos. French Valois kingdom now has no trust or respect, seem corrupt in the way they are willing to sacrifice their own family.

Question 6

War of 3 Henrys
Henry Guise and Ultra Catholics

Answer 6

Swoops in and the ultra-Catholics are able to take the city of Paris and threaten the monarchy. H III and H N are kind of allies but don’t trust each other. They plot to bring Henry Guise into a palace where he is assassinated. He is killed, and his supporters kills HIII. Now this leaves Henry N to become king. Sets the stage for absolute monarchs.

Question 7

War of 3 Henrys
Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV

Answer 7

Dealing with a catholic majority country, all the nobles are catholic, but he needs to appease the Huguenot. In order to maintain legitimacy, he converts to Catholicism. Allows for protestant tolerance. Wants to bridge the gap.

Question 8

War of Three Henrys
The Edict of Nantes 1598

Answer 8

Allows protestants wherever they are the majority, so lots of places. Allows them civil, military, and political rights, so they can hold public office, fortified using military to protect protestant regions, and have mixed legal chambers.

Question 9

Politiques

Answer 9

Puts the needs of the state over their own religious belief or the church. Willing to make religious compromises to have strength, peace, so the military, economy, and politics are moving more smoothly.

Question 10

Politiques
Jean Bodin

Answer 10

Philosopher who believes the monarch is sovereign and has total control. Helps identify and explain what a politique is.

Question 11

Politiques
Henry IV?

Answer 11

Sacrifices his own religious beliefs to bring peace to gain legitimacy of the crown because he knows the country will be more stable. As long as he can treat them with respect and protect them and give them rights, the Huguenots won’t turn against them. Flexing his power as monarch. Helps create peace.

Question 12

Politiques
Henry IV on Christianity

Answer 12

Reign shifts the role of Christianity. Shows France is a leader on the world stage on how to have an element on how to have religious tolerance and dichotomy of faiths. Weakens this idea of universal Christendom.

Question 13

Legacy of the War of Three Henrys
Politique Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 13

Right there with the pope, has a lot of power. When Henry IV is assassinated, Marie de Medici helps her young son, Louis the XIII, helps them rule. Doesn’t undo everything Henry IV had done. Helps them build and balance peace and power by allowing some of this tolerance and helps pave the way to building towards absolute monarchs.

Question 14

Legacy of the War of Three Henrys
End of Civil Wars

Answer 14

France calms down, stop seeing civil wars in the area. Laws that you can no longer engage in private warfare. If you try to fortify a castle and wasn’t being used for the state, it was destroyed. There is an idea of nationalism. If there are Huguenot uprising, they are squashed because they gave them protection and rights

Question 15

Spain and the Netherlands
Phillip II and the Ottoman Empire

Answer 15

Charles V’s son. Categorized as a new monarch, military, tax collecting, localized control. advisors. Ottoman empire is pushing closer to Spain. They hold them back, puts Ottoman empire in economic struggle.

Question 16

Spain and the Netherlands
Spanish Golden Age

Answer 16

Exploration and colonization, gold and silver trade. They have a cultural explosion. Story of Don Quixote, chivalry, embodies the idea of grandeur and adventure. Want to continue expansion in Europe. Takes Netherlands. Spain threatens France by taking areas surrounding France.

Question 17

Spain vs Dutch
The Netherlands- Principalities

Answer 17

Protestant leaning and welcoming Calvinist refugees from French Wars of religion. Port cities. Have Huguenots who want to settle in this area as protestants. Catholic Spain is ticked off. Spanish Inquisition practices their brutal methods. Small Dutch principalities want to stay protestant, but that doesn’t happen.

Question 18

Spain vs Dutch
The Netherlands- Council of Troubles/Council of Blood

Answer 18

Extension of the Spanish inquisition, mass executions of people who don’t convert, heretics, etc. Increases taxes and takes land away from protestant nobles.

Question 19

Spain vs Dutch
Eighty Year war 1568-1648
William of Orange

Answer 19

William of Orange leads this military assault against Spain in a group called the Union of Utrecht. Northern princes are on board because France is a buffer zone, so you’re only battling smaller Spanish zones. Form the Dutch republic.

Question 20

Spain vs Dutch
Eighty Year war 1568-1648
English Support

Answer 20

Elizabeth vs Mary, wants to get rid of her and wants to weaken Spain, so overtime, Elizabeth lends her support to the Dutch republic through money, strategy, and military. If she can help reduce Spain’s influence, it strengthens her claim to the throne when Mary I is to die. Mostly trying to weaken the Spanish. Using Protestantism and Catholicism as a justification of fighting wars.

Question 21

Spain vs Dutch
Eighty Year war 1568-1648
Outcomes of the Dutch Revolt

Answer 21

Spanish armada is defeated by English with help from the “Protestant Wind”, pushing the armada to a rocky coast more northernly. 1579, the Dutch Republic was created. Becomes a commercial powerhouse and moves to more democratic system. Build constitution by protecting religions. In the south, the people are still pretty happy to remain catholic, and they can be. Known as religious pluralism.