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Physiology Test 2 > The Vasculature > Flashcards

The Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

layers of blood vessels from innermost to outermost

A
  1. tunica interna
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
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2
Q

what blood vessel layer is composed mostly of smooth muscle and is the primary site of inflammatory injury?

A

Tunica media

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3
Q

T/F: the tunica interna is a single layer of endothelial cells that is continuous from the heart?

A

TRUE

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4
Q

T/F: the arterial side acts as a blood reservoir

A

FALSE the venous side does, ~50% of blood is maintained in veins during relaxation

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5
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

failure of the valves in the veins, allowing blood to go backward in veins

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6
Q

Organs that receive a constant blood flow

A
  1. Brain (always)
  2. Kidney & Liver (not constant but more than other organs)
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7
Q

What determines blood flow (F)?

A

the pressure difference and the resistance to flow

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8
Q

what determines the resistance to flow?

A

largely determined by the radius of the conducting tube

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9
Q

T/F: small changes in radius bring about large changes in blood flow?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

T/F: increasing pressure or vessel radius can increase flow

A

TRUE

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11
Q

define compliance

A

how easily a structure stretches to accommodate a change in volume

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12
Q

Compliance = ____

A

∆Volume/∆Pressure

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13
Q

effect of fibrosis on lung compliance

A

decreases compliance, fibrosis hardens the tissues with scars

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14
Q

As blood volume increases what happens to BP and blood flow?

A

BP and flow increases

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15
Q

What is Hypovolemia?

A

low blood volume (bleeding, dehydration, vomiting)

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16
Q

T/F: 10-20% loss of blood volume can be physiologically compensated for

A

TRUE

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17
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

systolic - diastolic pressure

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18
Q

how to calculate MAP

A

diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

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19
Q

T/F: BP is a clinical measure of tissue perfusion?

A

FALSE, MAP is

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20
Q

define MAP

A

the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle

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21
Q

what does MAP tell us?

A

tissue perfusion, how much blood moves through the organs

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22
Q

decreasing MAP suggests what?

A

blood flow has decreased

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23
Q

how is MAP related to TPR?

A

MAP = CO * TPR

(as well as diastolic + 1/3(pulse pressure)

24
Q

If there is a decrease in CO how is MAP maintained?

A

increase TPR

25
Q

sympathetic release of NE effect on arterioles

A

vasoconstriction of smooth muscle in vasculature

26
Q

what controls the whole body blood flow?

A

Sympathetic NS

27
Q

how are discrete tissue needs met?

A

local control factors monitor local blood flow

28
Q

define reactive hyperemia

A

the transient increase in organ blood flow that occurs following a brief period of ischemia

29
Q

Define acute/active hyperemia

A

increased blood flow associated with increased metabolic demand

30
Q

Acute/active hyperemia is a result from _______ control factors?

A

Intrinsic –> increased metabolism of cells results in chemical changes in the ECF that act locally upon the arteriole smooth muscle causing it to relax which lowers the resistance of that arteriole and results in greater blood flow to that region

31
Q

what helps pull fluid from interstitial spaces?

A

oncotic/colloid osmotic pressure

32
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

clean out toxins from the fluid before being returned to blood vessels

33
Q

flow rate is directly proportional to ________

A

pressure difference between 2 points

34
Q

flow rate is inversely proportional to _________

A

resistance

35
Q

what are the determinants of resistance?

A
  1. viscosity of the fluid
  2. length of the tube through which fluid is flowing
  3. radius of the tube through which fluid is flowing
36
Q

what is the most important determinant of resistance to flow in blood vessels?

A

radius of the vessel

37
Q

resistance is inversely proportional to ________

A

the radius of the vessel

38
Q

resistance is directly proportional to ________

A

both the fluid viscosity and the vessel length

39
Q

what increases blood viscosity?

A

increases in hematocirt

40
Q

T/F: under most physiological conditions the viscosity of blood is relatively constant

A

TRUE

41
Q

T/F: capillaries consist of only one layer?

A

TRUE, it is endothelium

42
Q

what are the most important factors determing the magnitude of the pulse pressure?

A
  1. SV
  2. speed of ejection of the stroke volume
  3. arterial compliance
43
Q

what pathophysioloy can impact the compliance of the arteries?

A

arteriosclerosis

44
Q

what distinguishes active hyperemia from autoregulation?

A

the event that brings the mechanism to play

45
Q

T/F: blood velocity is not dependent on the proximity to the heart, but rather on total cross-sectional area of the vessel type

A

TRUE

46
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
47
Q

compare the “leakiness” of capillaries in the brain to that in the liver

A

the brain has very “tight” capillaries (continous) whereas the liver has larger “leakier” capillaries (discontinous)

48
Q

what type of vessel offers the most resistance to flow?

A

Arterioles, which can VC or VD to change their radius and thus their resistance

49
Q

how does constriction of veins impact flow?

A

increases forward flow back to the heart

50
Q

what is the function of the arteriolar side of circulation?

A
  1. serves as low resistance system to allow easy movement of blood to various organs
  2. works as a “pressure reservoir” for mainting blood flow
51
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A
  1. Muscular
  2. Elastic
52
Q

Where are elastic arteries?

A

closer to heart, allows for stretch/recoil

53
Q

where are muscular arteries?

A

further from the heart.

Have more smooth muscle –> can alter diameter

54
Q

Edema can result from ______

A
  1. high arterial BP
  2. venous obstruction
  3. increased interstitial protein concentration
  4. decreased plasma protein concentration
  5. obstruction to lymphatic drainage
55
Q

describe the pressure in the lymphatic system

A

very low pressure system

Physiology Test 2 (8 decks)

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