Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

social, personality and individual differences 2 > The Triad Approach to Personality > Flashcards

The Triad Approach to Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What the early approach to personality types?

A

Personality was categorised discretely. A person would be categorised as a certain personality type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a disadvantage of having distinct personality categories?

A

people only fit into one category -> might not explain all aspects of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the new trait approach to personality?

A

a continuum where an individual can place somewhere along a continuum dependent on how much of that specific trait they possess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are traits?

A

fundamental units of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does trait theory assume?

A

personality characteristics that are relatively stable over time and across different situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Allport examined the lexical approach (words we use to describe people). How many words were identified?

A

18000 words identified -> 4500 described traits were clustered from these words

  • how words may describe different personalities of people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Allport suggest was the most valuable approach following his lexical approach study?

A

The idiographic approach was more beneficial to understanding personality (looking at an individual and how their personality was described rather than looking at show a massive cohort has specific traits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the three level structure Allports model had?

A
  1. Cardinal
  2. Central
  3. Secondary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s a Cardinal trait level?

A

Single, dominant trait which heavily influences behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s a Central trait level?

A

5-10 traits which describe a personality (like words we use in everyday language)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a secondary trait level?

A

Preference, not core to personality -> people can change a little in terms of their preferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was Raymond Cattle and what did he do?

A
  • used factor analysis to identify attributes which cluster together
  • interested in how personality can predict behaviour
  • interested in the role of genetics (constitutional traits) and experience (experimental-mold traits) in personality
  • concerned with investigating common traits and how we can design measures and then predict behaviours of personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What traits did Cattle come up with?

A

Source Trait ‘Model’ -> underlying traits which influence behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Cattell’s Source Trait ‘Model’?

A

Surface Traits -> things we observe when we look on the surface of an individual / things they tend to do (i.e. sociable, easy-going etc) -> underlying all of that is the specific source trait (extraversion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did Cattell expand from this model?

A

Cattell used factor analysis to see which surface traits could be clustered together. He started with 4500 traits, removed all the synonyms, leaving 171 trait names. He then used raters and other sources managing to reduce this down to 46 surface traits. He collected various data methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What various data methods did Cattell collect?

A
  • L-data (life-record data)
  • Q-data (questionnaires)
  • T-data (standardised tests)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is standardised testing so important?

A

rigorous testing so we know a score on something has an actual meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many factors did Cattell come up with to describe personality?

A

16 factors -> there is also a continuum so everyone may vary on the scale but they are still on the scale
* we call this Cattell’s 16PF

(the top ones at better at predicting behaviour) -> but if we encompass all these factors, this does a really great job at describing someone’s personality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 16 Factors?

A

A. Outgoing-Reserved
B. Intelligence
C. Stable – Emotional
E. Assertive – Humble
F. Happy-go-lucky – Sober
G. Conscientiousness – Expedient
H. Venturesome – Shy
I. Tender-minded – Tough minded
L. Suspicious – Trusting
M. Imaginative - Practical
N. Shrewd – Forthright
O. Apprehensive - Placid
Q1.Experimenting – Conservative
Q2. Self-sufficiency – Group-tied
Q3. Controlled – Casual
Q4. Tense - Relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Furnham et al. (2013) used Cattell’s 16PF to look at difference between students who chose Arts and Science. What did they find?

A

A. Outgoing-Reserved: Arts higher in warmth
G. Conscientiousness-Expedient: Science higher conscientiousness
I. Tender-minded-Tough minded: Arts higher sensitivity
L. Suspicious-Trusting: Arts higher in trusting
M. Imaginative-Practical: Arts more abstract, imaginative
Q1. Experimenting-Conservative : Arts more open to change
Q3. Controlled-Casual: Science higher perfectionism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some strengths of Cattell’s 16PF approach?

A
  • use of 16PF in research
  • 16PF shows good predictability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some limitations of Cattell’s 16PF approach?

A
  • Internal consistencies of some factors were low (but measure has been updated)
  • Not many have been able to replicate 16 factors
  • Some evidence suggests that 16 factors can actually be reduced to five
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Eysenck’s Theory of Personality propose?

A
  • fundamental traits are biologically based BUT environment can impact on how traits are expressed
  • personality is based on character, temperament, intelligence, physique and nervous system
  • traits are relatively stable across time and different situations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Eysenck’s Hierarchy Model?

A

Has a Trait Level, Habitual Response and a Specific Response

For Extroversion
A trait level (i.e. Socialable), beneath that would be a habitual response (i.e. talking to people - going to social gatherings) and if you clearly observe these people, you will see specific responses of how people actually behaviour (i.e. positive body language - introducing self to stranger)

  • top level is a core trait and beneath that we see other descriptions of how people behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Using observations of others, Eysenck came up with a three personality type (‘super-traits’) which he believed explained everyone’s personality. What were these three traits?

A

Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What was Eysenck’s description of extraversion?

A

Traits: dominant, active, sociable, sensation seeking etc.
On a continuum: Introversion - Extraversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was Eysenck’s description of neuroticism?

A

*emotionality kind of trait
Traits: Tense, may also act irrationally as well, shy , low self-esteem etc.
On a continuum: Low - High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What was Eysenck’s description of psychoticism?

A

Traits: impulsive, impersonal, anti-social, creative, cold.
On a continuum: Low-High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How did Eysenck test these three types of personality?

A

Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) measures Neuroticism, Extraversion & Psychoticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are some example EPQ test items?

A

Introversion/Extroversion: ‘Do you prefer reading to meeting people?’

Neuroticism: ‘Are your feelings easily hurt?’

Psychoticism (anti-social trait): ‘Would you like other people to be afraid of you?’

31
Q

What are some empirical findings found with the EPQ?

A

‘Criminals’ score high in E, N & P (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985)

Creative people score high on psychoticism (Eysenck, 1993, 1994)

Extroverts more willing to have sexual contact without commitment & report more sexual experience (Wright & Reise, 1997)

32
Q

How does the Eysenck Theory relate to Mental Health?

A
  • Eysenck was a clinician and developed UK clinical psych training
  • suggested neuroticism is related to the autonomic nervous system reactivity
  • people whose autonomic nervous system is highly reactive is likely to develop a neurotic disorder -> biological impact on personality
  • the tendency to respond very emotionally to stimuli is seen as a predisposing condition to the development of a psychological disorder -> environmental impact of personality
33
Q

What are some strengths of Eysenck’s Theory?

A
  • 3 factors are shown to be stable across time
  • Cross-culturally validity of EPQ
  • Child version of EPQ developed
  • Theory has significant application in mental health
34
Q

What are some limitations of Eysenck’s Theory?

A
  • Psychoticism Scale has low internal reliability
  • Is reducing personality to 3 Supertraits too simplistic?
35
Q

Many theorists have demonstrated evidence for the existence of a 5 factor model. Goldberg and Colleagues carried out extensive work in this area. What did they conclude as the trait descriptors which relate to 5 features of personality?

A

Love, Work, Affect, Power, Intellect

36
Q

What is the difference between the Emic and Etic approach when looking at personality?

A

Emic is when personality terms are investigated and found in the native language,

whereas the Etic approach is where you apply a general meaning of a personality and you translate personality questionnaires without considering the native culture or language differences

37
Q

Which approach are you much more likely to replicate the five factor model of personality with?

A

etic approach

38
Q

Costa and Maccrae looked at the Big Five Model. They got a large sample to complete personality questions, before conducting factor analysis to identify clusters. What 5 traits did they find?

A

[OCEAN]
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

39
Q

What the name of the test Costa & McCrae developed to measure the Big 5?

A

NEO-PI-R (1992), 240 items, Psychometrically tested

40
Q

When using the big five model, what did Hayes & Joseph (2003) find?

A

High Extraversion and low Neuroticism associated with higher happiness levels

Low Neuroticism and high Conscientiousness associated with higher life satisfaction

41
Q

When using the big five model, what did Stoughton et al. (2013) find?

A

Lower levels of Agreeableness associated with ‘badmouthing’ on social media

Higher levels of Extraversion associated with social media postings of substance abuse (e.g. photos drinking alcohol)

42
Q

Rentfrow et al. (2005) and Bleidorn et al. (2016) looked at geographical differences in personality traits.

A

General Consensus is that there are clear differences between some of the areas which are scoring typically high/low on certain things -> clusters of geographical differences and how this relates their traits

43
Q

What are the reasons we find geographical differences?

A
  1. Social Influence
  2. Ecological Influence
  3. Selective Migration
44
Q

How does Social Influence geographical differences in personality?

A

Social norms affect attitudes & behaviours (regional and cultural differences in personality)

45
Q

How does Ecological Influence geographical differences in personality?

A

Physicality of place affects attitudes & behaviours (aka. how they develop)

46
Q

How does Selective Migration influence geographical differences in personality?

A

Certain groups of people are more likely to migrate (openness, extraversion, agreeableness - if you have these, you might decide to move somewhere that suits their personality a bit more i.e. moving from a small village to a big city)

47
Q

The Dark Triad are three traits that overlap yet are distinctive. What are these Three Traits?

A

Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy

48
Q

How is Narcissism characterised?

A

entitlement, superiority, grandiosity, lack of empathy

49
Q

How is Machiavellianism characterised?

A

cold (not very warm in the sense of emotionality), manipulative, exploitative (tend to use strategies to get ahead, therefore are quite manipulative in a way which benefits them)

50
Q

How is Psychopathy characterised?

A

low empathy, low anxiety (low in emotionality), thrill-seeking, high impulsivity, lack of remorse

51
Q

If you score high in neuroticism, what trait will you probably score low in?

A

psychopathy because you feel a lot of emotionality and anxiety

52
Q

If you score high in narcissism, what trait will you probably score high in

A

extraversion and openness, and thrill-seeking and impulsivity in psychopathy

53
Q

What does the Dark Triad relate to?

A
  • high desire for power (Lee et al., 2013)
  • manipulation at work (Jonason et al., 2012)
54
Q

Vedel & Thomsen studied whether people high in the Dark Triad select certain degrees.

Aim: to measure the relationship between the individual DT traits and degree subject chosen (law, economics/business, psychology, political science)

Hypothesis: Law and economics/business students will score higher on all DT trait compared to psychology and political science students

Method: 487 newly enrolled students at Danish University (M age 21.12, SD 2.39)

Measures:
* Short Dark Triad (9 items per factor), likert scale (1 strongly disagree, 5 strongly agree)
* Neo-Five Factor Inventory (12 items per factor), likert scale (0 strongly disagree, 4 strongly agree)

What did they find?

A

Machiavellianism
* Econ/Bus students scored sig higher than all other students
* Law students and Political Science students scored sig higher than Psychology students

Narcissism
* Econ/Bus students scored sig higher than Political Science and Psychology students
* No sig differences between law students and any other students

Psychopathy
* No sig differences found

55
Q

What were the biggest effects seen in Vedel & Thomsen (2017) study?

A
  • comparing psychology students with Econ/Bus students on all three traits (Econ/Bus students higher)
  • econ/bus students scored so much higher o all 3 traits than psychplogy students. Psychology scoring much lower - kinda describes about how they want to help people
  • comparing psychology students with Political Science students on Psychopathy (Political Science students higher)

**all other effect sizes are small to medium

56
Q

What can we conclude from Vedel & Thomsen (2017) experiment?

A
  • Economic/Business students scored highest
  • Psychology students scored lowest
  • Law and Political Science students were somewhere in between with little differences between them
  • Previous research suggests prevalence of DT in corporate careers might be due to exposure of ‘self interest’ in training
  • Current study suggests students high in DT are attracted to certain subjects – possibly because it means they can end up in careers that reward self-interest
57
Q

What are some limitations of Vedel & Thomsen (2017) experiment?

A
  • only compared four subjects
  • don’t know if their experience while studying these degrees makes them ‘darker’
58
Q

What is emotional manipulation?

A
  • Influencing others’ feelings and behaviours for the purpose of one’s own benefit (doing it solely for your own benefit of this interaction)
  • ‘Darker side’ of emotional intelligence
59
Q

How can we relate emotional manipulation to the Dark Triad?

A

Correlational evidence that people high in DT rate themselves as more able to emotionally manipulate others (Austin et al, 2014)

60
Q

Hyde et al. (2020) studied emotional manipulation in the workplace, in relation to the Dark Triad.

Aim: To test relationships between the DT, emotional intelligence and willingness to emotionally manipulate in the work place.
* Two types of emotional manipulation were measured: Disingenuous (‘softer’ tactics e.g. ingratiation) and Malicious (‘harder’ tactics e.g. punishment)

Hypothesis:
M and N related to disingenuous
M and P (+emotional intelligence) related to malicious

Participants: 765 Australian employees (581f, 184m; M age 28.04, SD 13.73)

Materials:
Trait Emotional Manipulation Willingness in General and at Work Scale (Hyde & Grieve, 2018) - willingness to engage in emotional manipulation in the work place
Example item: How often do you make someone at work feel uneasy?
Likert response scale from never (1) to daily (5)
Emotional Intelligence
Example item: I am aware of my emotions as I experience them
Likert Scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)

Dirty Dozen Scale (Jonason & Webster, 2010)
M ‘I tend to lie to get my own way’
N ‘I tend to want others to pay attention to me’
P ‘I tend to lack remorse’
Likert Scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)

What did they find?

A
  • sig relationship for gender (men more likely to give emotional malicious manipulation than females)
  • emotional intelligence in disingenuous is higher because it takes a lot more effort to manipulate someone while still trying to keep a good reputation
61
Q

How many employees had reported some level of emotional manipulation in the work?

A

~70% of employees report using some level of emotional manipulation in the workplace (Hyde & Grieve, 2018)

62
Q

What did Jonason et al. (2012) suggest?

A

Dark Triad has been found to be related to workplace manipulation

63
Q

What conclusions were drawn from Hyde et al. (2020) experiment about personality traits

A
  • Mach related to both emotional manipulation types -> use workplace environment to ‘get ahead’
  • psych related to malicious emotional manipulation only -> another context where lack of remorse and empathy translates to behaviour
  • narcissism related to both emotional manipulation types (‘softer’ tactics support hypothesis while ‘harder’ tactics do not support the hypothesis -> perhaps harder tactics lead to self-promotion in the work place)
64
Q

What are some key limitations of Hyde et al. (2020) research?

A
  • doesn’t measure success in emotional manipulation
  • doesn’t measure how successful they are in their emotional manipulation (they may be more likely to do it but are they more successful in getting what they want
65
Q

What is the Dark Tetrad?

A

Dark Triad PLUS Sadism

66
Q

What is everyday sadism described as?

A

“dispositional tendency to take pleasure in others’ suffering – as an additional dark personality operating in the subclinical domain” (Buckels, 2012, p. ii). (getting some sort of joy for inflicting harm on other individuals - can be physical or emotional)

67
Q

Chabrol et al., (2015) looked at evidence of a fourth trait, looking at 600 high school students. What did they find?

A

All four traits correlated with each other

  • Low on all four (28%)
  • High on Machiavellianism and Sadism (29%)
  • High on Narcissism and Psychopathy (28%)
  • High on all four (15%) - Dark Tetrad

[past notes from belle: there seems to be very little difference between them all - there’s nothing major going on except a few massive increase spikes (i.e high on all four traits - had a large spike in antisocial behaviour when all four traits were combined]

68
Q

What would Dark Tetrad research help us come up with?

A

treatment to affect criminality etc. from happening

69
Q

What are some issues with the trait approach?

A

It is very much Data driven -> no theory or hypothesis to start with -> models came from seeing what the data told us
○ What about theory?
○ Descriptive nature -> doesn’t attempt to explain why people develop these sort of traits (just aiming to descriptive personality and models that can do this well)

Number of factors -> looked at so many factors and they depend on the statistical methods we have when looking at the data -> the number of factors that we have are limited by humans cognitive limitations and how we pull out these factors from the data
○ Cognitive limitations? - they are limited by humans cognition

Labelling of factors
○ Judgment of researchers - totally up to researcher to judge/label these traits - linked to limitation of language
○ Limited by language - describing personality across different cultures - might find there’s not a word in a different language that describes that

70
Q

How are traits usually seen?

A

relatively stable and on a continuum

71
Q

What has factor analysis lead to / what are the three factor approaches

A

Cattell - 16 factors . Measured using 16PF

Eysenck – 3 factors: Neuroticism, Extraversion and Psychoticism

Costa & McCrae – Big 5 :Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Measured using NEO-PI-R

72
Q

What does the Dark Triad and Tetrad do when clustered?

A

cluster ‘negative’ traits together and are associated with negative outcomes (e.g. anti-social behaviour, emotional manipulation).

73
Q
A

social, personality and individual differences 2 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions