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social, personality and individual differences 2 > Non-Verbal Communication > Flashcards

Non-Verbal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two important reasons of the face?

A
  1. sending capacity of different parts of the body (including the face)
  2. Hypothesis that the facial expressions of emotion are innate (Darwin, 1872)
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2
Q

how can the capacity of different parts of the body (including the face) be measured, through three indices (Ekman & Froesen, 1969).

A
  • average transmission time (speed)
  • number of expressions
  • visibility of expressions
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3
Q

Charles Darwin (1872) identified 6 basic emotions that were expressions evolved as part of actions necessary for life (necessary for success; and therefore evolution). what are they?

A
  • disgust
  • anger
  • surprise
  • fear
  • sadness
  • happiness
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4
Q

how can disgust be characterised?

A

expelling offensive matter from the mouth:
* upper lip raised
* lower lip raised/lowered & slightly protruding (precursor to vomiting)

Other movements are by-products:
* nose wrinkled
* cheeks raised
* lines below the lower eyelid
* eyelids pushed up but not tense

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5
Q

how can anger be characterised?

A

preparing to attack:
frowning:
* eyebrows lowered & drawn together
* protects the eyes in anticipation of attack
* vertical lines may appear between eyebrows
mouth:
* lips pressed firmly together
* or mouth open, tensed as if shouting
* baring the teeth – vestigial remnant of preparing to bite and attack (Darwin)

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6
Q

how can surprise be characterised?

A

state of readiness to deal with unexpected event:
* eyebrows raised to open the eyes wide to facilitate sight
* horizontal wrinkles across the forehead
* jaw drops open
* draw in air quickly

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7
Q

how can fear be characterised?

A

readiness to deal with frightening event:
* eyebrows raised; inner corners drawn together
* horizontal wrinkles across forehead
* upper eyelid raised (as in surprise), but tense
* mouth open (as in surprise), but lips drawn back and tense or stretched

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8
Q

how can sadness be characterised?

A
  • inner corners of eyebrows raised
  • may be drawn together
  • skin below eyebrows may form the shape of a triangle
  • corners of the lips drawn down
  • lips may appear to tremble
  • precursor expression to crying
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9
Q

how is happiness characterised?

A
  • corners of the lips drawn back & up
  • mouth may be parted with teeth exposed
    these may affect other parts of the face:
  • naso-labial folds
  • cheeks raised
  • crow’s feet (wrinkles by the eyes)
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10
Q

how is contempt characterised?

A

a smirk-like smile on the left or right side of the face (asymmetrical)

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11
Q

functions of facial expressions and the explanations for them…

A
  • Darwin provided explanations for disgust, anger, surprise and fear but not so much for happiness or sadness
  • was suggested that smiling and crying may also be innate behaviours for prime functions of communication (where individuals can reciprocate back):
  • i.e. crying signals distress to gain attention of caregiver
  • smiling to maintain that attention
  • disgust resembles being sick
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12
Q

Bull (1987) examined by posture can convey different observers emotions and attitudes. Participants rated videos which intended to evoke interest [typically leaning forwards with leg back]/boredom [slouched in chair, head tilted, legs out, hands potentially folded or holding head] & agreement [arms on lap, legs typically crossed]/disagreement arms typically folded and legs more tightly crossed]. These ratings were used to interpret the posture portrayed in the videos.

A

it was suggested that body posture alone could be a strong indicator of different attitudes of listeners

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13
Q

Vacharkulksemsuk et al. (2016) examined expansive (arms out stretched, legs out straight) and contractive (arms folded, legs folded/together) body postures in 2 romantic attraction studies. This was an 1. Observational – coded postures at a speed dating event (4 mins. only) and 2.
Experimental – 6 confederates (3M, 3F) on a dating app, each with expansive & contractive postures. What did they find?

A

expansive postures sig. increased likelihood of:
* a “yes” response from the speed-dating partner
* being selected on the dating app
* Nonverbal affiliation (e.g., smiles, laughs, head nods) not a sig. predictor of speed-dating “yes”
* Sig. effects for both males & females.
* Greater male benefit on app
* Potential reasons why: expansive = a spare/interference of dominance from the men

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14
Q

cross-cultural studies evidence for the innate hypothesis of facial expressions (micro-expression & subtle expressions)

A

The 6 emotions labelled in the same way by members of both literate and non-literate cultures (New Guinea) (Ekman & Friesen, 1971)
* contempt identified as 7th universal emotion (Ekman & Friesen, 1986

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15
Q

disability studies evidence for the innate hypothesis of facial expressions (micro-expression & subtle expressions)

A

Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973) observed children born deaf and blind
* found facial expressions of emotion appropriate to situational context
* innate? This is innate, they still learn when they’re deaf and blind
* but, might be learned, e.g., through behaviour shaping

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16
Q

studies of facial musculature evidence for the innate hypothesis of facial expressions (micro-expression & subtle expressions)

A

Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, 1978) - research this (I think there may be action units related to the face with fire and contribute to aspects of certain/specific emotions)

All but one of the muscle actions visible in the adult identified in newborn infants (Oster & Ekman, 1977):
* Capacity for facial expressions inborn
* But not necessarily innately associated with particular emotions

17
Q

what is the neuro-cultural model?

A

6 fundamental emotions with innate expressions (7 incl. contempt) (Ekman, 1972)
Display rules vary according to culture (something that is typically learnt during a culture):
* Display rules may also vary according to gender, status, even to individuals

18
Q

what are the two types of facial expressions?

A

innate/spontaneous and learned/posed

19
Q

describe some brain damage evidence that supports the conclusion of two systems for facial expressions?

A

Rinn (1991) paralysis of voluntary facial movements and spontaneous facial expressions found:
* Ps who can’t smile on request, but can when amused
* Ps who can smile on request, but no ability for spontaneous

20
Q

what are the two systems of facial expressions?

A

Micro-expression & Subtle Expressions

21
Q

what are micro-expressions?

A

very brief expressions – may vary between 1/25th & <0.5 of a second (brief expression happening at a short period of time)

22
Q

what are subtle expressions?

A

fragments of an expression (in order to try and hide their expression or just not generally show their expression as much as they may do - sometimes do this to try not a make a scene - little bit of a leakage of emotions), e.g.,
* nose wrinkling (disgust)
* brow raising (surprise)

23
Q

deception detection correlates with skills at perceiving..

A
  • subtle expressions (Warren, Schertler & Bull, 2009)
  • micro-expressions (e.g., Frank & Ekman, 1997)
  • as used in the American crime drama TV series ‘Lie to Me’
24
Q

deception detection is when individuals try to spot if someone is lying to you (Warren et al., 2009).

encoders (recruited for the recordings - watch it on video and describe the scene, sometimes they’re expected to be honest and sometimes dishonest). and then lie or honestly describe both a pleasant & unpleasant film. video clips judged by decoders (people who watch these videos and make a decision about whether people have typically been honest or dishonest). Objective criterion of accuracy is measured. What did they find?

A
  1. overall accuracy rate just 50%
  2. emotional lie detection sig. better than chance (64%) [perhaps giving off some linkage/some clues]
  3. non-emotional lie detection sig. worse than chance (34%)
  4. emotional lie detection sig. correlated with:
    * SETT (.46) (subtle expression training tool)
    * Self-reported use of facial expressions (.52) [asked about 6 different things they used and they said the only thing that correlated which helped them lie was facial expressions]
25
Q

what is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

our faces also respond to our emotions and explicit particular responses

26
Q

what are the four display rules according to the neuro-cultural model?

A
  • Attenuation (where you can lessen/weaken the display of emotion)
  • Amplification (where you can increase/amplify the display of emotion)
  • Concealment (mask the emotion your feeling with just a neutral expression)
  • Substitution (change one expression/emotion for another, i.e. annoyed but pretend to be surprised) - i.e. in Japanese cultures, esp those of higher status cannot control anger where USA can

social, personality and individual differences 2 (20 decks)

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