the tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • covers exposed surfaces
  • lines internal passageways and chambers (organs/cavities)
  • produces glandular secretions
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2
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Fills internal spaces
  • provides structural support
  • stores energy
  • supports, surrounds, connects other tissues
  • defends body from invasin
  • protects organs
  • transport fluid and dissolved tissue
  • Ex: bones, cartilage
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3
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Contracts to produce movement
  • includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • conductes electrical impulses
  • carried info
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5
Q

Epithelia

A
  • cells exhibit polarity (has top and bottom)
  • apical specializations: microvilli, cilia, stereocilia
  • “bottom” = basal surface
  • attached to underlying basement membrane (floor on which cells will stand)
  • cells connected to one another at lateral surface
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6
Q

One layer of epithelia

A

simple

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7
Q

Several layers of epithelia

A

Straified

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8
Q

Epithelia: Shape of cell at the top – flat

A

Squamous

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9
Q

Epithelia: shape of cell at the top – square/cube

A
  • Cuboidal
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10
Q

Epithelia: shape of cells at the top – taller than they are wide

A
  • columnar
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11
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelia

A
  • one layer of flat cells
  • locations: serous cavities, some blood vessels, alveoli of lungs
  • fxns: reduces friction, allows permeability, allows absorption and secretion
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12
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

A
  • several layers of cells; top layer is flat
  • locations: surface of skin, lining of oral cavity, throat, rectum, anus, vagina
  • fxnx: protection
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13
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  • one layer of cells;appear cube-shaped
  • locations: glands, ducts, kidney tubules
  • fxn: limited protection, secrete, and absorb
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14
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

A
  • several layers of cells; top layers appears cube-shaped
  • locations: some ducts (rare)
  • fxn: protection, secretion, absorption
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15
Q

Simple columnar epithelia

A
  • one layer of cells; taller than they are wide
  • locations: lining of digestive system, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys
  • fxn: protection, secretion, absoprtion
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16
Q

Stratified columnar epithelia

A
  • Several layers of cells; top layer is columnar
  • locations: relatively rare, small parts of pharynx, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, urethea
  • fxn: protection
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17
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • all cells rest on basement membrane, but nuclei are located at varying distances
  • locations: respiratory tract, male reproductive tractv
  • fxn: protection, secretion
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18
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • transitional: stratified; can stretch
  • locations: urinary tract
  • fxn: permits expansion and recoil
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19
Q

what is glandular epithelium arranged as?

A

secretory sheets (look like sheets) or as glands

20
Q

3 components of connective tissue

A
  1. cells
  2. protein fibers
  3. ground substance (basically stuff btw the cells)
21
Q

3 types of connective tissue

A
  1. CT proper: loose and dense
  2. Fluid CT: blood and lymph
  3. Supporting CT: cartilage and bone
22
Q

Fixed cells of connective tissue

A
  1. fibroblasts: produce CT fibers
  2. fixed macrophages: phagocytize pathogens and destroy damaged cells
  3. adipocytes: store lipids (fats)
  4. mesenchymal cells: “stem cells”
  5. melanocytes: synthesize melanin (makes our skin dark)
23
Q

wandering cells of connective tissue

A

mostly immune cells -> arrive in CT mainly from immune system
1. free macrophages: mobile phagocytic cells (passing thru -> can be coming from the blood to go live in the lungs)
2. mast cells: stimulate local inflammation
3. lymphocytes: immune response (WBC’s get stimulated when you are sick)
4. leukocytes: mobilize during infection/injury

24
Q

CT fibers - collagen

A
  • most common and strongest
  • protein subunits wound like a rope and flexibe
  • contract and relax based on how its wound, but it’s not actually contractile
  • just extend and recoil back
25
CT fibers - elastic
- contain elastin protein - can branch - have ability to stretch and recoil - wound up in such a way that means that you can stretch it out and then it bounces back
26
CT fibers - reticular
- narrower than collagen - form a meshwork (“reticulated”) - “particular”
27
Loose CT Proper — Areolar CT
- all cell types present - open framework -> think airy - fxn: cushions organs, mobile support, immune protection - location: found within/deep to the dermis, covered by epithelium of different tracts like respiratory tract, btw muscles, around blood vessels, nerves joint
28
Loose CT — adipose CT
- adipose = fat - mostly adipocytes - fxn: stores energy, insulates, provides padding - deep to skin and around some organs
29
Loose CT — reticular CT
- reticular fibers, macrophages, fibroblasts - fxn: provides supporting framework - makes sense since we reticular fibers that provide a meshwork which is good for support in this type of CT - location: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow - shown in a lot of organs: we need a goodframwork so our organs can fxn properly
30
dense CT — dense regular CT
- collagen fibers are parallel; aliigned in parallel to stress - fxn: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles - tendons and ligaments
31
Dense CT — elastic CT
- include elastic fibers in addition to collagen - stabilizes positions - btw vertebrae (ligamentum flavum); suspensory ligament of penis and clitoris
32
Dense CT — dense irregular CT
- fibers form interwoven meshwork aligned in various directions - provides resistance to forces in many directions - dermis, organ capsules, periosteum
33
Supportive CT — hyaline cartilage
- closely packed collagen fibers; translucent matrix - provides stiff, compresible support; reduces friction - found: synovial joints, supporting respiratory tract, nasal septum
34
Supportive CT -- elastic cartilage
- elastic fibers packed in matrix - provides support but tolerates distortion - found: pinna of ear, epiglottis, etc.
35
Supportive CT -- fibrocartilage
- extremely dense collagen fibers, resembling dense regular CT - resist compression - found: menisci in knee, intervertebral discs, etc.
36
Supportive CT -- bone
- osteocytes: bone cells - lacunae: arranged around blood vessels - periosteum: around bones (look at slides for pics)
37
Mucous membrane
- line passageways - moistened by mucous - contain lamina propria (areola CT) - digestive and respiratory tracts
38
Serous membrane
- line internal cavities - delicate, moist, permeable
39
Synovial membrane
- located within cavity of synovial joints - produce synovial fluid, which lubricates joints
40
Cutaneous membrane
- covers body surface - thick, waterproof, usually dry
41
Skeletal muscle tissue
- “striated” - has stripes - under voluntary control (you can move your own heart) - cells (fibers) are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate
42
Cardiac muscle tissue
- striated - under involuntary control (don’t tell your heart to pump) - fibers are short, branched, connected by intercalated discs
43
Smooth muscle tissue
- not striated - involuntary control (can’t tell ourselves to push our food down our gastrointestinal system faster) - fibers are short, spindle-shaped, with one nucleus in the middle of cell
44
Neuroglia
- support cells (many different types that specialize in physical, nutritional, regulatory neuroglia)
45
Neurons
- structural and functional cells reacting to the physical and chemical changes in their environment - help transmit the nerve impulse