Cardiovascular

Question 1

Location and position of the heart

Answer 1

• left of midline, at an angle
• rotated so the right border sits more anteriorly while the left border is posterior
• apex projects inferiorly toward left side of the body

Question 2

What is the heart in and what surrounds it?

Answer 2

• mediastinum and it is surrounded by the lungs

Question 3

Right border of the heart is formed by what?

Answer 3

• Right atrium

Question 4

Left border is formed by what?

Answer 4

• Left atrium and left ventricle

Question 5

Inferior border

Answer 5

• slopes causally and to the left through
• formed mainly by right ventricle

Question 6

Superior border

Answer 6

• the beginning of the ascending aorta

Question 7

Apex is formed by what?

Answer 7

• left ventricle

Question 8

Posterior border of the heart is formed by what?

Answer 8

• mainly by the left atrium

Question 9

Pericardial sac

Answer 9

• double-layered membrane the heart occupies
• outer fibrous membrane
• inner serous membrane
• pericardial cavity is filled with pericardial fluid — prevents friction
• visceral pericardium: immediately covers the surface of the heart

Question 10

Myocardium

Answer 10

• thick layer of cardiac muscle
• all cardiac muscle found here

Question 11

Endocardium

Answer 11

• thin layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and areolar CT

Question 12

Epicardium

Answer 12

• AKA visceral pericardium is the outer layer of heart

Question 13

Myocardium: Cardiac Muscle

Answer 13

• cardiac muscle is striated muscle with intercalated discs

Question 14

Desmosomes

Answer 14

• connect the two myocardial cells and keeps them tgthr so when the heart contracts, they don’t separate

Question 15

Gap junctions

Answer 15

• create electrical connection btw muscle cells thru heart contractions

Question 16

Ventricles

Answer 16

• pumping chambers thick-walled
• thicker muscle cells bc they’re the ones that pump the blood out of the heart
• right ventricle - pumps blood out to the lungs
• left ventricle - pumps blood out onto the body

Question 17

Atria

Answer 17

• receiving chambers thin-walled (low pressure)
• receive blood from the great vessels
• right atrium: receives blood from the vena cava
• left atrium: receives blood from the pulmonary veins

Question 18

Coronary sulcus

Answer 18

• separates atria and ventricles
• also called atrioventricular sulcus
• pic: anterior view

Question 19

Interventricular sulci

Answer 19

• separates right and left ventricles
• pic: anterior view

Question 20

How blood flows through the heart

Answer 20

• Superior and inferior vena cava will bring deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
• That deoxygenated blood will then pass through the tricuspid valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle
• Deoxygenated blood will then travel out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary truck via pulmonary semilunar valve
• This blood will then go to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
• Blood gets oxygenated
• Comes back in from the left atria via pulmonary veins
• Oxygenated blood will then travel through the bicuspid/mitral valve (in between the left atrium and left ventricle) so it can enter the left ventricle
• Oxygenated blood will then travel from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
• Blood will go back out to the body to supply everything else in the body

Question 21

Left AV valve

Answer 21

• aka bicuspid/mitral valve
• sits btw left atrium and left ventricle

Question 22

Right AV valve

Answer 22

• aka tricuspid valve
• sits btw right atrium and right ventricle

Question 23

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 23

• sits btw right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 24

Aortic semilunar valve

Answer 24

• sits btw left ventricle and ascending aorta

Question 25

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 25

- cusps of atrioventricular valves attach to papillary muscles via chordae tendinae “heart strings” - prevents prolapse of the valve into the atrium (blood going back into the atrium = bad!)

Question 26

Trabeculae carnae

Answer 26

- are large, irregular muscular ridges on inside of ventricular walls only - prevents backflow of blood

Question 27

Receives and features of right atrium

Answer 27

- receives: venous (low-oxygen) blood from inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus - features: prominent auricle, pectinate muscles (only found in the atria of the heart

Question 28

Receives and features of right ventricles

Answer 28

- receives: venous (low-oxygen) blood from right atrium - features: tricuspid valve, moderator band, pulmonic semilunar valve - right bundle branch: w/in moderator

Question 29

Venous blood is pumped through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery, then to the lungs, where it gets

Answer 29

Oxygenated

Question 30

Receives and features of left atrium

Answer 30

- receives: arterial (high-oxygen) blood from right pulmonary veins and left pulmonary veins - features: prominent auricle

Question 31

Receives and features of left ventricle

Answer 31

- receives: arterial (high-oxygen) blood from left atrium - features: thick myocardium, left atrioventricular valve (2 cusps, also known as bicuspid of mitral valve), aortic semilunar valve with sinus (openings for right and left coronary arteries) - blood will exit left ventricle and head up to the ascending aorta thru the aortic semi-lunar valve - once it exits it goes thru the aorta into the systemic circulation

Question 32

Coronary circulation

Answer 32

- right coronary artery: travels along the AV sulcus (or coronary) - left coronary artery: travels behind pulmonary trunk and then it’ll give off its branches

Question 33

Left coronary artery circulation

Answer 33

- supplies anterior aspect of left ventricle, left atrium, and the interventricular septum - left coronary artery - left circumflex artery: travel along coronary sulcus btw left atrium and left ventricle and curve around of the posterior aspect of the heart - anterior interventricular artery/left anterior descending: passes obliquely down the anterior surface of the heart in the interventricular sulcus

Question 34

Right coronary artery circulation: anterior view

Answer 34

- supplies right atrium, right ventricle, and back of left ventricle - SA nodal artery - marginal artery: runs along acute margin

Question 35

Right coronary artery circulation: posterior view

Answer 35

- right coronary - AV nodal branch - posterior interventricular artery: runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 36

Coronary circulation: venous drainage

Answer 36

- small cardiac vein = also drains into coronary sinus - typically runs w/ right coronary artery - great cardiac vein: travels with anterior interventricular artery (wrap around the heart and then drain into the coronary sinus) - coronary sinus: receives middle and great veins (also receives drainage from the middle cardiac vein. Travels btw left atrium and left and right ventricle) - middle cardiac vein: travels with posterior interventricular artery (drains into coronary sinus) - - goes to coronary sinus then drains into the atrium

Question 37

Coronary circulation: venous drainage Pt. 2

Answer 37

Question 38

SA node

Answer 38

- has specialized pacemaker myocytes that generate impulse - impulse propagated through atrial myocardium

Question 39

AV node

Answer 39

- slows impulse, allowing atria to contract and ventricles to fill with blood

Question 40

Bundle of his

Answer 40

- impulse is propagated from atria to ventricles only through bundle of his

Question 41

Left bundle branch and right bundle branch

Answer 41

- travel through interventricular septum

Question 42

What supplies our heart with oxygenated blood so that our heart can effectively pump oxygen to our body?

Answer 42

- coronary circulation: right and left coronary artery