CNS Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
A
- Sensory input: helps us to feel things, like pressure and pain
- Motor output: helps us to move our skeletal muscles
- Integration: integrate those two things tgthr
2
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
- includes: brain and spinal cord
- functions: integration, processing, and coordination of sensory input and motor commands, higher functions (intelligence, memory, learning, emotion)
3
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
- includes: neural tissue outside brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia)
- functions: links all regions of body to CNS (can’t have a memory to hold something w/o the peripheral NS), delivers sensory info to CNS, carries motor commands to peripheral tissues
- it delivers memories and sensations to the brain
4
Q
What two sections are apart of the PNS?
A
- Sensory (Afferent)
- bring info IN to CNS
- info is going At the brain
- Motor (Efferent)
- sends info OUT of CNS
- E for exiting
5
Q
Neuroglia
A
- supporting cells
- catering to every whim of our neuron
6
Q
Ependymal cells
A
- simple cuboidal epithelium lining ventricles
- will make CSF
7
Q
Microglia
A
- phagocytes of the CNS
- come in and gobble up any foreign invaders
- gobble up any waste tissue or scar tissue
8
Q
Astrocytes
A
- structural and nutritional support for form blood-brain barrier (star-shaped cell)
9
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
- produce myelin for the CNS (cell with few branches)
10
Q
Dendrites
A
- receive impulses from other cells (many per cells)
11
Q
Cell body
A
- aka soma, aka perikaryon
12
Q
Rough ER
A
- also called nissel substance in nerves
- surround the nucleus
- making lots of diff proteins called neurotransmitters
- ribosomes = help transcribe and translate those proteins
13
Q
Axon
A
- one per cell
- sends impulses away from neuron to axon terminal
14
Q
Why do neurons need nutritional and structural support?
A
- neurons are long lived and don’t divide
- if we lose a neuron, we can’t make a new one
15
Q
What is mainly astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and are relatively short lived and divide and replace all the time?
A
- neuroglia
- we make lots of these
16
Q
What brain tumors arise from neuroglia and are not derived from neurons?
A
- meningiomas and glioblastomas
17
Q
Chemical synapse
A
- neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal into synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on second neuron (or muscle or gland)
- form of exocytosis
18
Q
Electrical synapse
A
- ions pass from one cell to another thru gap junctions
- charged particles create electricity
- they will go thru gap junctions and talk to second neuron
19
Q
Myelin
A
- membranous sheath that covers axons
- increase speed of action potential propagation
- going to insulate axon
- not all axons are myelinated
20
Q
Gray matter
A
- unmyelinated regions of CNS
- neuron cell bodies, dendrites, some neuroglia
- in brain called cortex
- superficial to white matter in the brain but deep to white matter in the spinal cord
21
Q
White matter
A
- myelinated region of CNS
- axons and glia
- bundles of axons called “tracts” in CNS
22
Q
Spinal cord
A
- functions: sensory and motor innervation of body 2-way conduction of signals btw body and brain
- major center for reflexes (don’t necessarily need a signal to go all the way up to the brain)
- reflex: Dr. Hammering your quadricep tendon and your knee kicks up
- location: from foramen magnum to level of 1st/2nd lumbar vertebra
23
Q
Cerebrum
A
- sensory, motor, and association areas
- higher cognitive functions occur here -> memory
- thinks part of the brain
24
Q
Cerebellum
A
- adjusts motor activities based on sensory information
- fine tune movement based on info we received
25
Q
Diencephalon
A
- thalamus, hypothalamus
- sensory info relay, visceral control
26
Q
Brain stem
A
- midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
- relay center
- directs nerves where to go
27
Q
What does the cerebrum have?
A
- divided in to left and right hemispheres
- has gyri (bumps) and sulci (grooves)
- divided into lobes named after overlying bone (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
28
Q
Longitudinal fissure
A
- separates right and left hemispheres
29
Q
Central sulcus
A
- separates frontal and parietal lobes
30
Q
Lateral sulcus
A
- sylvian fissure
- separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
31
Q
Major sensory areas
A
- primary sensory cortex: is in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe (most of our sensory information)
- primary visual cortex: is in occipital lobe
- primary auditory cortex: is in temporal lobe (hearing sense)
- look at slide for pictures
32
Q
Major motor areas
A
- primary motor cortex: precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
- Broca’s area: in left frontal lobe controls motor movements for speech
33
Q
Major association areas
A
- wernicke’s area: in the left parietal and temporal lobes is involved with recognizing and comprehending language (written and spoken)
- association = meaning that you hear something from your auditory sense and then associate it w/ a meaning
34
Q
Broca’s aphasia
A
- effects the ability to produce speech
35
Q
Wernicke’s aphasia
A
- effects the ability to understand language
- can put tgthr words into a sentence but don’t mean anything
36
Q
Classification of white matter in the brain
A
- association fibers: travel within a hemisphere
- comissural fibers: travel btw hemispheres
- projection fibers: travel from spinal cord to brain and vice versa
37
Q
Corpus callosum
A
- a bundle of myelinated axons connecting right and left hemispheres
38
Q
What does the cerebellum look like/do?
A
- has folia: lea-like folds that increase surface area
- white matter of cerebellum called arbor vitae
- function: maintains balance and posture by automatically adjusts motor activities based on sensory info
- controls motor activity
39
Q
Thalamus
A
- involved sensory information relay and processing
- relay things from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex or down the other way
40
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- main visceral (organ) control center
(Emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production, body temperature, hunger/thirst, formation of memory)
41
Q
Midbrain
A
- helps to process visual and auditory info
- maintains consciousness
42
Q
Pons
A
- connects brain stem to cerebellum
- relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
- subconscious somatic and visceral motor control (things you can control w/o thinking abt it)
43
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
- connects brain to spinal cord
- relays sensory info to thalamus
- autonomic centers regulate visceral function
44
Q
Meninges
A
- connective tissue membranes that surround the brain
45
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid
A
- cushions the brain and provides immunologic protection
46
Q
Blood-brain barrier
A
- formed by astrocytes protects brain from blood-borne toxins and pathogens
47
Q
3 layers of connective tissue that covers the brain: Dural Mater
A
- double layer of defense CT. Dural venous sinuses inside. Periosteum (dark yellow) and Meningeal layers (light yellow)
48
Q
3 layers of connective tissue that covers the brain: arachnoid mater
A
- deep to dura
- spidery mother
49
Q
3 layers of connective tissue that covers the brain: Pia Mater
A
- delicate, adheres directly to surface of brain
- astrocytes help this layer of CT adhere directly to the brain
50
Q
False cerebri
A
- separates right and left hemispheres
51
Q
Falx cerebelli
A
- separates cerebrum from cerebellum
52
Q
Dural venous sinuses
A
- drain venous blood from brain back to systemic circulation (internal jugular vein)
- systemic circulation: all the blood that’s pumping thru your body basically not relegated to a single organ
- in btw meningeal and periosteum layer of dura mater
- look at picture in slides
53
Q
Ventricles of the Brain
A
- lateral ventricles (first and second) with cerebrum
- cerebral aqueduct: connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
- third ventricle within diencephalon
- fourth ventricle: btw pons and cerebellum
54
Q
Flow of CSF
A
- CSF is produced by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus (“roof” of ventricles)
- Flows to subarachnoid space
- Absorbed into dural sinuses via arachnoid granulations (projections of arachnoid mater into dural sinus)
55
Q
Hydrocephalus
A
- excess production or improper drainage of CSF
- extra fluid puts pressure on neural tissue
- placement of shunt to drain excess fluid
